Table 1.
Characteristics of the study population. Variables presented overall and according to tertiles of the CMS risk scale (low, intermediate, and high levels). Data presented as mean ± SE. P-values from ANOVA to the exception of sex, age range, smoking status, and medicament consumption (chi-squared tests).
| CMS risk scale |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | Tertile 1 (low) | Tertile 2 (intermediate) | Tertile 3 (high) | p-value | |
| n | 440 | 147 | 146 | 147 | |
| Sex (%) | <0.0001 | ||||
| Male | 0.48 | 0.33 | 0.46 | 0.64 | |
| Female | 0.52 | 0.67 | 0.54 | 0.36 | |
| Age range (%) | 0.05 | ||||
| 18–40 years | 0.47 | 0.55 | 0.41 | 0.45 | |
| 41–62 years | 0.53 | 0.45 | 0.59 | 0.55 | |
| Lipid profile | |||||
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 46 ± 1 | 52 ± 1 | 46 ± 1 | 40 ± 1 | <0.0001 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 115 ± 1 | 110 ± 3 | 120 ± 2 | 115 ± 3 | 0.02 |
| VLDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 28.8 ± 1 | 17.7 ± 0.6 | 27.5 ± 1.0 | 40.5 ± 2.2 | <0.0001 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 186 ± 2 | 178 ± 3 | 189 ± 3 | 190 ± 3 | 0.003 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 143 ± 5 | 87 ± 3 | 138 ± 5 | 203 ± 11 | <0.0001 |
| Glucose metabolism | |||||
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 89 ± 1 | 82 ± 1 | 88 ± 1 | 96 ± 2 | <0.0001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.55 ± 0.03 | 5.37 ± 0.02 | 5.49 ± 0.05 | 5.77 ± 0.06 | <0.0001 |
| Fasting insulin (µU/ml) | 13.27 ± 0.41 | 8.04 ± 0.29 | 11.67 ± 0.39 | 19.62 ± 0.80 | <0.0001 |
| HOMA-IR | 3.12 ± 0.15 | 2.84 ± 0.33 | 2.97 ± 0.19 | 3.58 ± 0.22 | 0.0005 |
| Pro-inflammatory state | |||||
| hs-CRP (mg/L) | 3.15 ± 0.22 | 1.56 ± 0.11 | 2.63 ± 0.20 | 5.30 ± 0.58 | <0.0001 |
| Blood pressure | |||||
| Systolic (mm Hg) | 124 ± 1 | 112 ± 1 | 125 ± 1 | 136 ± 1 | <0.0001 |
| Diastolic (mm Hg) | 80 ± 1 | 71 ± 1 | 81 ± 1 | 88 ± 1 | <0.0001 |
| Body fat distribution | |||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.9 ± 0.2 | 23.7 ± 0.2 | 28.2 ± 0.3 | 31.8 ± 0.4 | <0.0001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 92.8 ± 0.6 | 80.5 ± 0.6 | 93.3 ± 0.7 | 104.0 ± 0.9 | <0.0001 |
| Body fat (%) | 37.2 ± 0.3 | 33.9 ± 0.4 | 38.0 ± 0.4 | 39.6 ± 0.4 | <0.0001 |
| Cardiometabolic health | |||||
| CMS risk scale | 0.00 ± 0.16 | −3.83 ± 0.13 | 0.18 ± 0.07 | 3.57 ± 0.12 | <0.0001 |
| Framingham score | 0.52 ± 0.32 | −3.33 ± 0.53 | 1.38 ± 0.49 | 3.49 ± 0.48 | <0.0001 |
| Diet | |||||
| Calories (kcal/day) | 1931 ± 21 | 1944 ± 31 | 1921 ± 41 | 1922 ± 38 | 0.60 |
| Carbohydrates (g/day) | 266 ± 3 | 268 ± 5 | 265 ± 6 | 264 ± 5 | 0.69 |
| Protein (g/day) | 74 ± 1 | 74 ± 1 | 73 ± 1 | 74 ± 1 | 0.79 |
| Fat (g/day) | 63 ± 1 | 63 ± 1 | 62 ± 1 | 63 ± 1 | 0.54 |
| Fiber (g/day) | 17.7 ± 0.2 | 18.2 ± 0.4 | 17.5 ± 0.4 | 17.3 ± 0.4 | 0.21 |
| Lifestyle | |||||
| Physical activity (MET/min/week) | 5115 ± 264 | 5322 ± 434 | 5079 ± 412 | 5012 ± 528 | 0.18 |
| % Smoking (yes/no) | 0.13/0.87 | 0.09/0.91 | 0.12/0.88 | 0.18/0.82 | 0.08 |
| % Medicament consumption (yes/no) | 0.42/0.58 | 0.31/0.69 | 0.39/0.61 | 0.56/0.44 | <0.0001 |
| % Anti-hypertensives (yes/no) | 0.18/0.82 | 0.09/0.91 | 0.16/0.84 | 0.29/0.71 | <0.0001 |
| % Metformin (yes/no) | 0.03/0.97 | 0.00/1.00 | 0.03/0.97 | 0.06/0.94 | 0.01 |
| % Proton-pump inhibitors (yes/no) | 0.05/0.95 | 0.06/0.94 | 0.05/0.95 | 0.05/0.95 | 0.84 |
| Genetic ancestry | |||||
| European (%) | 67.37 ± 0.27 | 67.53 ± 0.43 | 68.02 ± 0.44 | 66.42 ± 0.52 | 0.10 |
| Native American (%) | 20.94 ± 0.23 | 20.66 ± 0.38 | 20.59 ± 0.38 | 21.63 ± 0.43 | 0.17 |
| African (%) | 11.69 ± 0.22 | 11.82 ± 0.38 | 11.39 ± 0.34 | 11.96 ± 0.44 | 0.71 |
| PC1 | 0.03 ± 0.02 | 0.04 ± 0.03 | 0.02 ± 0.03 | 0.02 ± 0.03 | 0.49 |
| PC2 | −0.02 ± 0.01 | −0.02 ± 0.01 | 0.0004 ± 0.02 | −0.05 ± 0.02 | 0.15 |
| Microbiota composition | |||||
| PCo1 | 0.00 ± 0.01 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | −0.005 ± 0.01 | −0.02 ± 0.01 | 0.006 |
| PCo2 | 0.00 ± 0.01 | −0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.006 ± 0.01 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.001 |