Table 1.
Demographic characteristics by acculturation statusa
| Demographics | More acculturatedb (n=8100) | Less acculturatedc (n=1906) | p valued |
|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal Age | |||
| 13-21 | 1818 (22.4) | 309 (14.4) | <0.001 |
| 22-34 | 5616 (69.3) | 1332 (69.9) | |
| 35-41 | 666 (8.2) | 265 (13.9) | |
| Gravidity | |||
| 1 | 6044 (74.6) | 1383 (72.6) | 0.065 |
| 2 or more | 2056 (25.4) | 523 (27.4) | |
| Poverty | |||
| >200% FPLe | 4632 (69.8) | 1029 (69.2) | 0.644 |
| 100-200% FPL | 958 (14.4) | 210 (14.1) | |
| <100% FPL | 1046 (15.8) | 249 (16.7) | |
| Race or ethnicity | |||
| Non-Hispanic white | 5316 (65.6) | 672 (35.3) | <0.001 |
| Non-Hispanic black | 1275 (15.7) | 142 (7.4) | |
| Hispanic | 942 (11.6) | 737 (38.7) | |
| Other | 567 (7.0) | 355 (18.6) | |
| Education | |||
| Less than high school | 669 (8.2) | 146 (7.7) | <0.001 |
| High school graduate | 953 (11.8) | 210 (11.0) | |
| Some college | 1616 (20.0) | 327 (17.2) | |
| Technical or Associate’s | 837 (10.3) | 165 (8.7) | |
| Completed College | 2276 (28.1) | 495 (26.1) | |
| Advanced degree work | 1749 (21.6) | 557 (29.3) | |
| Insurance | |||
| Government-based | 2078 (25.8) | 614 (32.4) | <0.001 |
| Military or unspecified | 135 (1.7) | 52 (2.7) | |
| Commercial | 4466 (55.5) | 882 (46.5) | |
| Personal or individual | 1363 (17.0) | 348 (18.4) | |
| Pregestational diabetes | 132 (1.7) | 19 (1.1) | 0.046 |
| Smokinge | 560 (6.9) | 31 (1.6) | <0.001 |
| Chronic hypertension | 220 (2.9) | 23 (1.3) | <0.001 |
| Obesity (Body Mass Index ≥ 30 kg per m2) | 1910 (23.6) | 258 (13.5) | <0.001 |
Abbreviations: FPL – Federal Poverty Level;
a
Data presented as n, % by column unless otherwise indicated. Not all columns add to total sample size due to missing values
b
Subjects born in the U.S. who reported proficiency in English
c
Subjects born or not born in the U.S. who reported limited or poor proficiency in English or preferred study visits conducted in Spanish
d
χ2 or Fisher’s exact tests
e
Maternal report in prior month at intake visit