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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Mar 1.
Published in final edited form as: Int J Rheum Dis. 2019 Nov 27;23(3):294–301. doi: 10.1111/1756-185X.13756

Figure 1.

Figure 1

A. Total effect (path c) of mindfulness on sleep disturbance and quality, measured by PSQI. Figure 1B-D. Effect of mindfulness on the mediator (path a) and effect of the mediator on sleep, controlling for mindfulness (path b). Direct effect (path c’) of mindfulness on sleep, i.e. total effect adjusted for effects of pain interference (Figure 1B), depression (Figure 1C), and anxiety (Figure 1D). All analyses are controlled for age, sex, race, and education. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. Mindfulness is measured by the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire, sleep quality and disturbance by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), pain interference by PROMIS Pain Interference, depression and anxiety by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. †Indicates significance of the indirect effect at the level of p < 0.05 based on the Sobel test.