Table 3.
Unadjusted Means, Confidence Intervals, Effect Sizes and Main Analyses of Change from Baseline in Resilience Training Compared to No Training.
| Outcome Variable | Sample size | Unadjusted Outcomes (Means, Confidence Intervals) | Effect Sizes | Main Analyses | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Training | No-training | Training | No-training | Cohen’s d | Mixed Model-Based Results: Effects of Change from Baseline for Training compared to No Training | ||
| Training Effect (SE) | t (p-value) | ||||||
| PROMIS Depression | Covariates: sex; random factors: subject | ||||||
| Pre-training | 126 | 126 | 51.96 (50.65 – 53.27) | 51.79 (50.45 – 53.13) | |||
| Post-training | 113 | 112 | 51.56 (49.97 – 53.15) | 52.08 (50.70 – 53.46) | −0.08 | −.76 (0.91) | −0.84 (0.404) |
| Semester End | 110 | 115 | 49.66 (49.66 – 51.26) | 52.47 (50.94 – 54.00) | −0.26 | −2.50 (0.91) | −2.75 (0.006) |
| PROMIS Anxiety | Covariates: sex; random factors: subject | ||||||
| Pre-training | 126 | 125 | 54.56 (53.05 – 56.08) | 54.96 (53.53 – 56.40) | |||
| Post-training | 112 | 112 | 53.68 (51.90 – 55.46) | 55.13 (53.60 – 56.66) | −0.11 | −1.14 (0.97) | −1.18 (0.239) |
| Semester End | 115 | 110 | 52.64 (51.0 – 54.28) | 54.89 (53.38 – 56.40) | −0.15 | −1.56 (.97) | −1.61 (0.108) |
| Perceived Stress | Covariates: sex; random factors: subject | ||||||
| Pre-training | 123 | 126 | 17.74 (16.44 – 19.04) | 17.30 (16.12 – 18.48) | |||
| Post-training | 112 | 112 | 16.11 (14.74 – 17.47) | 17.48 (16.13 – 18.84) | −0.24 | −1.88 (0.735) | −2.55 (0.011) |
| Semester End | 108 | 112 | 15.79 (14.42 – 17.15) | 17.25 (15.94 – 18.56) | −0.24 | −1.86 (0.740) | −2.51 (0.013) |
| CD-RISC | Covariates: sex; random factors: subject | ||||||
| Pre-training | 126 | 122 | 29.00 (27.77 – 30.23) | 29.01 (27.84 – 30.17) | |||
| Post-training | 111 | 111 | 29.24 (27.94 – 30.55) | 28.54 (27.31 – 29.79) | 0.08 | 0.58 (0.72) | 0.81 (0.417) |
| Semester End | 112 | 108 | 29.12 (27.76 – 30.48) | 28.53 (27.09 – 29.96) | 0.09 | 0.66 (0.72) | 0.92 (0.231) |
| ERQ reappraisal | Covariates: none; random factors: subject | ||||||
| Pre-training | 122 | 126 | 4.72 (4.51 – 4.92) | 4.75 (4.55 – 4.94) | |||
| Post-training | 111 | 111 | 5.08 (4.88 – 5.27) | 4.77 (4.53 – 5.00) | 0.20 | 0.27 (0.13) | 2.07 (0.039) |
| Semester End | 107 | 112 | 5.10 (4.89 – 5.31) | 4.73 (4.50 – 4.95) | 0.26 | 0.36 (0.13) | 2.77 (0.006) |
| ERQ suppression | Covariates: none; random factors: subject | ||||||
| Pre-training | 126 | 122 | 3.98 (3.76 – 4.19) | 3.97 (3.75 – 4.19) | |||
| Post-training | 111 | 111 | 3.93 (3.72 – 4.15) | 3.98 (3.75 – 4.20) | −0.02 | −0.03 (0.13) | −0.24 (0.808) |
| Semester End | 112 | 107 | 4.02 (3.78 – 4.26) | 4.04 (3.80 – 4.29) | 0.01 | 0.02 (0.13) | 0.13 (0.898) |
| FMI | Covariates: none; random factors: subject | ||||||
| Pre-training | 121 | 126 | 39.25 (37.83 – 40.66) | 39.05 (37.68 – 40.42) | |||
| Week 1 | 117 | 120 | 38.51 (37.18 – 39.85) | 40.33 (39.01 – 41.66) | −0.17 | −1.97 (0.68) | −2.89 (0.004) |
| Week 2 | 117 | 120 | 38.68 (37.43 – 39.94) | 39.17 (37.85 – 40.49) | −0.07 | −0.80 (0.68) | −1.16 (0.245) |
| Week 3 | 112 | 116 | 40.37 (39.04 – 41.69) | 38.88 (37.52 – 40.24) | 0.08 | 0.95 (0.69) | 1.37 (0.173) |
| Week 4 | 114 | 117 | 41.46 (39.98 – 42.95) | 39.40 (38.04 – 40.76) | 0.15 | 1.77 (0.69) | 2.56 (0.011) |
| Post-training | 111 | 110 | 41.64 (40.23 – 43.05) | 40.06 (38.49 – 41.63) | 0.10 | 1.19 (0.70) | 1.70 (0.089) |
| CBT Skills | Covariates: none; random factors: subject | ||||||
| Pre-training | 120 | 126 | 69.47 (67.07 – 71.86) | 71.09 (68.62 – 73.55) | |||
| Week 1 | 117 | 120 | 69.86 (67.40 – 72.32) | 71.31 (69.12 – 73.50) | 0.00 | 0.09 (1.19) | 0.08 (0.937) |
| Week 2 | 117 | 119 | 71.53 (69.07 – 73.99) | 70.36 (67.98 – 72.75) | 0.13 | 2.64 (1.19) | 2.21 (0.027) |
| Week 3 | 112 | 116 | 73.59 (70.93 – 76.25) | 70.52 (68.02 – 73.02) | 0.19 | 3.85 (1.21) | 3.19 (0.002) |
| Week 4 | 114 | 117 | 74.43 (71.66 – 77.20) | 71.21 (68.61 – 73.82) | 0.21 | 4.17 (1.20) | 3.47 (<0.001) |
| Post-training | 111 | 109 | 76.08 (73.59 – 78.58) | 71.92 (69.18 – 74.66) | 0.25 | 5.11 (1.22) | 4.19 (<0.001) |
Note: Gender, college, cohort, and gender considered as potential covariates; the model with the lowest BIC is reported. Abbreviations: PROMIS= Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System; CD-RISC = Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale; ERQ = Emotion Regulation Questionnaire; FMI = Frieburg Mindfulness Inventory; CBT = Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; BIC = Bayesian Information Criterion; SE = standard error).