Table 3.
Physical function and body composition in physical activity (PA) (h/week) groups*
(Mean values and standard deviations; β values with their standard errors)
| PA = 0 h/week (n 77) | 0 < PA < 2·5 h/week (n 166) | PA ≥ 2·5 h/week (n 365) | PA at 1-h intervals (n 608) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | sd | Mean | sd | Mean | sd | β | s e | P † | P ‡ | P § | |
| Hand grip strength (kg) | |||||||||||
| Baseline | 26·0 | 5·1 | 25·6 | 4·7 | 25·8 | 4·8 | –0·006 | 0·060 | 0·391 | 0·501 | 0·886 |
| At 3 years|| | 25·2 | 6·3 | 24·8 | 6·1 | 24·7 | 5·5 | –0·031 | 0·058 | 0·698 | 0·478 | 0·443 |
| Hand grip strength adjusted for BMI (kg/m2) | |||||||||||
| Baseline | 0·90 | 0·24 | 0·93 | 0·22 | 0·97 | 0·21 | –0·007 | 0·060 | 0·387 | 0·486 | 0·867 |
| At 3 years|| | 0·90 | 0·24 | 0·93 | 0·22 | 0·97 | 0·21 | –0·044 | 0·002 | 0·211 | 0·651 | 0·787 |
| Knee extension (Newtons) | |||||||||||
| Baseline | 275 | 89 | 288 | 82 | 302 | 82 | 0·079 | 0·986 | 0·118 | 0·121 | 0·075 |
| Chair rises in 20 s | |||||||||||
| Baseline | 6·2 | 3·0 | 7·5 | 2·6 | 8·0 | 2·6 | 0·248 | 0·047 | 0·047 | 0·046 | 0·040 |
| At 3 years|| | 7·2 | 4·2 | 8·1 | 3·1 | 9·2 | 3·1 | 0·002 | 0·031 | 0·078 | 0·077 | 0·098 |
| Tandem walk over 6 m (s) | |||||||||||
| Baseline | 17·0 | 10·0 | 19·4 | 8·1 | 19·6 | 8·5 | 0·027) | 0·003 | 0·605 | 0·349 | 0·549 |
| At 3 years|| | 19·8 | 4·4 | 20·4 | 7·0 | 20·1 | 10·4 | 0·038 | 0·153 | 0973 | 0·588 | 0·406 |
| Walking speed over 10 m (m/s) | |||||||||||
| Baseline | 1·4 | 0·2 | 1·5 | 0·2 | 1·7 | 0·2 | 0·107 | 0·004 | 0·015 | 0·012 | 0·005 |
| At 3 years|| | 1·4 | 0·2 | 1·5 | 0·3 | 1·6 | 0·3 | 0·017 | 0·311 | 0·099 | 0·050 | 0·048 |
| Standing on one leg for maximum 30 s (s) | |||||||||||
| Baseline | 13·2 | 11·1 | 17·6 | 10·2 | 20·2 | 9·1 | 0·113 | 0·105 | 0·011 | 0·124 | 0·095 |
| At 3 years|| | 15·2 | 12·0 | 17·0 | 11·5 | 17·8 | 10·6 | 0·057 | 0·097 | 0·114 | 0·250 | 0·194 |
| Modified short physical performance battery (calculated score) | |||||||||||
| Baseline | 5·2 | 1·5 | 5·8 | 1·7 | 6·4 | 1·9 | 0·118 | 0·046 | 0·005 | 0·065 | 0·022 |
| At 3 years|| | 7·8 | 2·4 | 7·6 | 1·6 | 7·6 | 1·7 | 0·009 | 0·021 | 0·387 | 0·433 | 0·840 |
| Able to perform squat (% of women) | |||||||||||
| Baseline | 43 | 71 | 72 | 0·185 | 0·002 | 0·027 | 0·039 | 0·001 | |||
| At 3 years|| | 76 | 89 | 93 | 0·039 | 0·004 | 0·001 | 0·005 | 0·007 | |||
| Lean mass (kg) | |||||||||||
| Baseline | 41·2 | 4·0 | 40·4 | 4·3 | 39·9 | 4·2 | 0·045 | 0·037 | 0·654 | 0·733 | 0·191 |
| At 3 years|| | 41·3 | 4·9 | 40·7 | 4·7 | 40·3 | 4,6 | 0·046 | 0·039 | 0·718 | 0·882 | 0·154 |
| Relative skeletal muscle index (kg/m2) | |||||||||||
| Baseline | 6·8 | 0·7 | 6·8 | 0·6 | 6·7 | 0·6 | 0·047 | 0·017 | 0·258 | 0·214 | 0·180 |
| At 3 years|| | 6·6 | 0·9 | 6·7 | 0·6 | 6·6 | 0·6 | 0·097 | 0·008 | 0·419 | 0·517 | 0·318 |
| Fat mass (kg) | |||||||||||
| Baseline | 33·1 | 10·0 | 30·0 | 7· | 27·4 | 8·4 | –0·196 | 0·222 | 0·001 | 0·001 | 0·0001 |
| At 3 years|| | 31·8 | 12·1 | 30·1 | 8·4 | 27·6 | 8·9 | –0·140 | 0·237 | 0·018 | 0·020 | 0·014 |
UNIANOVA, univariate ANOVA.
UNIANOVA was used to calculate mean values and adjusted standard deviations. Multiple regression analysis was used to calculate β-coefficient and standard error. Model 1 was adjusted for age and energy intake. Model 2 was adjusted for age, energy intake (kJ), smoking (yes, no), hormone therapy (yes, no), rheumatoid arthritis, baseline height (m), income per month (euros) and intensity of PA.
Mean values and standard deviations calculated from UNIANOVA adjusted for variables in model 1.
Mean values and standard deviations calculated from UNIANOVA adjusted for variables in model 2.
P calculated from multiple regression analysis, regression coefficient adjusted for variables in model 2.
At 3 years of follow-up, analyses were adjusted for absolute changes in physical function, muscle mass and study group (Ca and vitamin D intervention).