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. 2020 Feb 26;11:303. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00303

TABLE 4.

Estimated mixed-effects linear regression models for CVs including and excluding sighs, and for the four ARs(1).

CV including sighs CV excluding sighs AR(1) of V’E AR(1) of VT AR(1) of TI AR(1) of TE
Coeff. SE Coeff. SE Coeff. SE Coeff. SE Coeff. SE Coeff. SE
Main effects
Session 0.071* 0.029  0.061* 0.026 −0.032* 0.016 0.009 0.014 −0.001 0.016 −0.005 0.016
Phase 0.030 0.027 0.020 0.025 0.027 0.016 −0.010 0.014 −0.053*** 0.015 −0.037* 0.016
MPA −0.008* 0.003 −0.007* 0.003 0.002 0.001 −0.000 0.001 −0.000 0.001 0.000 0.001
TA  0.009* 0.004 0.005 0.003 −0.002 0.001 −0.001 0.001 −0.001 0.001 −0.000 0.001
Age 0.018 0.011  0.022* 0.010 −0.005 0.004 0.001 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.001 0.004
Gender 0.003 0.087 0.022 0.076 0.029 0.035 0.006 0.027 −0.059** 0.022 −0.035 0.031
Hormonal contraception −0.118 0.088 −0.171* 0.003 0.015 0.035 −0.006 0.027 −0.048* 0.022 −0.017 0.031
BMI  0.032* 0.014 0.015 0.012 −0.002 0.006 −0.003 0.004 −0.004 0.003 −0.001 0.005
Instrument group −0.024 0.072 0.000 0.063 0.024 0.029 −0.011 0.022 0.015 0.018 −0.010 0.026
Motion 0.561*** 0.148 0.470** 0.149 0.019 0.065 0.020 0.055 −0.026 0.057 −0.094 0.064
Interactions
Session × Phase −0.062 0.054 −0.046 0.048 0.003 0.031 0.003 0.027 0.014 0.032 −0.070* 0.031
Session × MPA  0.006* 0.003  0.006* 0.002 −0.001 0.001 −0.000 0.001 −0.002 0.002 −0.001 0.001
Phase × MPA −0.004 0.003 −0.002 0.002 0.000 0.001  0.003* 0.001 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.001
Session × TA −0.005 0.003 −0.005 0.003  0.003* 0.002 0.003 0.001 0.002 0.002 −0.001 0.002
Phase × TA 0.003 0.003 0.002 0.003 −0.003 0.002 −0.002 0.001 −0.001 0.002 0.002 0.002

CV, coefficient of variation; AR(1), autocorrelation at one breath lag; V’E, minute ventilation; VT, tidal volume; TI, inspiratory time; TE, expiratory time; MPA, music performance anxiety; TA, trait anxiety; BMI, body mass index; Coeff. = estimated coefficient; SE = standard error. Reference categories for categorical predictors are as follows: session: practice; phase: pre-performance; gender: women; hormonal contraception: naturally cycling women; instrument group: other instrumentalists. For continuous predictors, coefficients express the change in the outcome measure per unit of the corresponding scale. Units are as follows: MPA and TA: 1 point on the corresponding scales; age: 1 year; BMI: 1 kg/m2; motion: 1 point. Statistically significant results are marked in bold. *** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05.