Table 4.

Univariate analysis showing association between various confounding risk factors and TPE

Variables	Odds ratio	95% CI	p value
Area of residence (rural v. urban)	1.71	0.98–3.00	0.076
Low socioeconomic status	1.06	0.64–1.76	0.887
Overcrowding	1.18	0.70–1.99	0.624
High risk occupation	3.06	0.50–18.68	0.337
Regular alcohol use	1.89	1.13–3.16	0.019
History of contact with TB patient	8.07	2.57–25.31	<0.0001
Past history of TB	22.31	2.81–177.23	<0.0001
Family history of TB	9.05	2.48–32.95	0.0002
Underweight	3.73	1.72–8.08	0.0009

TPE, tuberculous pleural effusion; TB, tuberculosis.