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. 2020 Mar 3;10:3912. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-60756-2

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Data from children with adult-like pitch discrimination abilities (C-A, blue), children with less sensitive pitch discrimination abilities (C-L, green), and adults (black) are shown for all vocal responses to unexpected pitch-shifts (panels a1-a2), and opposing only vocal responses to unexpected pitch-shifts (panels b1-b2). The dotted black line shows a schematic of a single -1 ST unexpected pitch-shift as a function of time relative to pitch-shift onset. Means (solid lines: C-A and C-L, white dashed line: adults) and confidence intervals (CI, shaded areas) shown as a function of time relative to pitch-shift onset for all vocal responses to unexpected pitch-shifts (panel a1) or opposing only vocal responses to unexpected pitch-shifts (panel b1). Analysis period, highlighted by bracket, is 150–300 ms after pitch-shift onset. Group means and 95% CIs during the analysis period for all vocal responses to unexpected pitch-shifts (panel a2) or opposing only vocal responses to unexpected pitch-shifts (panel b2). The C-L group had significantly larger vocal response magnitudes than the C-A and adult groups for opposing only vocal responses (panel b2), indicated by asterisks.