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. 2020 Mar 3;10:3912. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-60756-2

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Data from children with adult-like pitch discrimination abilities (C-A, blue), children with less sensitive pitch discrimination abilities (C-L, green), and adults (black) are shown for vocal responses to sustained pitch-shifts. Vocal responses to sustained pitch-shifts are shown for adults compared to the C-A group (panel a) and adults compared to the C-L group (panel b). Means (solid lines: C-A and C-L, white dashed line: adults) and confidence intervals (CIs, shaded areas) shown as a function of trial block (average vocal response over three trials). The dotted black line shows a schematic of -1 semitone (ST) sustained pitch-shift as a function of trial block. Analysis period, highlighted by bracket, is trials there was the maximum pitch-shift (trial blocks 10–14). Panel c: Group means and 95% CIs during the analysis period. The C-L group had significantly smaller vocal response magnitudes than both the C-A and adult groups, indicated by asterisks.