Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of patients initiating first‐line ART under Treat‐All and standard of care (SOC) (entire treatment cohort and patients with advanced HIV disease)
| (Missing values for entire cohort) | (a) Entire cohort (n = 3170) | (b) Advanced HIV disease (n = 1074)a | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treat‐All (n = 1888) (n, %) | SOC (n = 1282) (n, %) | p value | Treat‐All (n = 620) (n, %) | SOC (n = 454) (n, %) | p value | |
| Implementation periodb | ||||||
| Period‐1 | 1397 (74.0) | 851 (66.4) | <0.001 | 428 (69.0) | 317 (69.8) | 0.781 |
| Period‐2 | 491 (26.0) | 431 (33.6) | 192 (31.0) | 137 (30.2) | ||
| Facility | ||||||
| PHC | 1215 (64.4) | 830 (64.7) | 0.822 | 394 (63.5) | 249 (54.8) | 0.004 |
| SHCc | 673 (35.6) | 452 (35.3) | 226 (36.5) | 205 (45.2) | ||
| Time since HIV diagnosis (0.5%)d | ||||||
| ≥90 days | 572 (30.5) | 499 (39.1) | <0.001 | 119 (19.3) | 114 (25.2) | <0.001 |
| 1 to 89 days | 877 (46.7) | 601 (47.1) | 376 (61.0) | 305 (67.3) | ||
| Same day | 429 (22.8) | 177 (13.9) | 121 (19.6) | 34 (7.5) | ||
| Time since HIV care enrolmente | ||||||
| ≥90 days | 308 (16.3) | 325 (25.4) | <0.001 | 36 (5.8) | 44 (9.7) | <0.001 |
| 1 to 89 days | 741 (39.2) | 646 (50.4) | 321 (51.8) | 331 (72.9) | ||
| Same day | 839 (44.4) | 311 (24.3) | 263 (42.4) | 79 (17.4) | ||
| Sex | ||||||
| Men | 510 (27.0) | 400 (31.2) | 0.011 | 262 (42.3) | 221 (48.7) | 0.037 |
| Women | 1378 (73.0) | 882 (68.8) | 358 (57.7) | 233 (51.3) | ||
| Pregnancy (0.5%) | ||||||
| No | 1443 (76.8) | 996 (78.2) | 0.349 | 540 (87.5) | 421 (92.7) | 0.006 |
| Yes | 437 (23.2) | 278 (21.8) | 77 (12.5) | 33 (7.3) | ||
| Age at HIV care enrolment, years | ||||||
| 16 to 24 | 416 (22.0) | 292 (22.8) | 0.877 | 71 (11.5) | 43 (9.5) | 0.391 |
| 25 to 49 | 1317 (69.8) | 884 (69.0) | 486 (78.4) | 356 (78.4) | ||
| ≥50 | 155 (8.2) | 106 (8.3) | 63 (10.2) | 55 (12.1) | ||
| Marital status (1.4%) | ||||||
| Married | 638 (34.5) | 594 (46.6) | <0.001 | 240 (39.6) | 227 (50.1) | 0.001 |
| Not married | 1212 (65.5) | 681 (53.4) | 366 (60.4) | 226 (49.9) | ||
| Education (14.4%) | ||||||
| None | 75 (4.8) | 101 (8.9) | <0.001 | 34 (6.6) | 44 (11.0) | 0.105 |
| Primary | 410 (26.0) | 359 (31.6) | 145 (28.0) | 114 (28.5) | ||
| Secondary | 1068 (67.7) | 656 (57.7) | 330 (63.7) | 236 (59.0) | ||
| Tertiary | 25 (1.6) | 21 (1.8) | 9 (1.7) | 6 (1.5) | ||
| CD4 count, cells/mm3 (3.0%) | ||||||
| 0 to 100 | 277 (15.1) | 192 (15.4) | <0.001 | 277 (45.3) | 192 (42.3) | 0.295 |
| 101 to 200 | 274 (15.0) | 200 (16.1) | 272 (44.4) | 200 (44.1) | ||
| 201 to 350 | 424 (23.2) | 387 (31.1) | 31 (5.1) | 37 (8.1) | ||
| 351 to 500 | 420 (23.0) | 273 (21.9) | 15 (2.5) | 14 (3.1) | ||
| ≥501 | 434 (23.7) | 194 (15.6) | 17 (2.8) | 11 (2.4) | ||
| WHO clinical stage (0.5%) | ||||||
| I | 1282 (68.3) | 904 (70.7) | <0.001 | 255 (41.3) | 182 (40.4) | 0.028 |
| II | 365 (19.5) | 177 (13.8) | 133 (21.6) | 72 (16.0) | ||
| III/IV | 229 (12.2) | 197 (15.4) | 229 (37.1) | 197 (43.7) | ||
| Tuberculosis | ||||||
| No | 1763 (93.4) | 1186 (92.5) | 0.347 | 520 (83.9) | 384 (84.6) | 0.753 |
| Yes | 125 (6.6) | 96 (7.5) | 100 (16.1) | 70 (15.4) | ||
| BMI, kg/m2 (6.3%) | ||||||
| <18.5 | 105 (6.1) | 81 (6.5) | 0.113 | 70 (12.3) | 60 (13.8) | 0.739 |
| 18.5 to 24.9 | 869 (50.1) | 670 (53.6) | 343 (60.3) | 254 (58.3) | ||
| ≥25 | 759 (43.8) | 500 (40.0) | 156 (27.4) | 122 (28.0) | ||
| Haemoglobin, g/dL (22.6%) | ||||||
| ≤9 | 262 (18.1) | 156 (15.6) | 0.102 | 122 (25.8) | 89 (24.5) | 0.645 |
| ≥10 | 1187 (81.9) | 847 (84.4) | 350 (74.2) | 275 (75.5) | ||
| ALT, U/L (30.1%) | ||||||
| ≤42 | 1289 (87.4) | 639 (86.2) | 0.446 | 393 (82.0) | 213 (81.8) | 0.883 |
| ≥43 | 186 (12.6) | 102 (13.8) | 86 (18.0) | 48 (18.4) | ||
| Creatinine, µmol/L (20.6%) | ||||||
| ≤120 | 1532 (97.7) | 926 (97.7) | 0.968 | 484 (95.5) | 315 (94.6) | 0.568 |
| ≥121 | 36 (2.3) | 22 (2.3) | 23 (4.5) | 18 (5.4) | ||
| NRTI | ||||||
| TDF | 1864 (98.7) | 1187 (92.6) | <0.001 | 610 (98.4) | 410 (90.3) | <0.001 |
| AZT | 20 (1.1) | 83 (6.5) | 8 (1.3) | 34 (7.5) | ||
| ABC | 4 (0.2) | 12 (0.9) | 2 (0.3) | 10 (2.2) | ||
| NNRTI | ||||||
| EFV | 1868 (98.9) | 1184 (92.4) | <0.001 | 614 (99.0) | 417 (91.9) | <0.001 |
| NVP | 20 (1.1) | 98 (7.6) | 6 (1.0) | 37 (8.1) | ||
| Phone availability (1.0%) | ||||||
| No | 213 (11.4) | 100 (7.9) | 0.001 | 76 (12.3) | 28 (6.2) | 0.001 |
| Yes | 1652 (88.6) | 1172 (92.1) | 541 (87.7) | 423 (93.8) | ||
ABC, abacavir; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AZT, zidovudine; BMI, body mass index; EFV, efavirenz; IQR, interquartile range; n, number; NNRTI, non‐nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors; NRTI, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; NVP, nevirapine; PHC, primary healthcare level; SHC, secondary healthcare level; SOC, standard of care; TDF, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate; WHO, World Health Organization.
Advanced HIV disease was defined as patients presenting with CD4 < 200 cells/mm3 and/or WHO III/IV staging;
period‐1 is the WHO 2010 (from October 2014 to October 2015) and period‐2 is the WHO 2013 (from November 2015 onwards) ART initiation guideline implementation period as followed under standard of care;
secondary healthcare: ART outpatient departments in one health centre (with inpatient capacity) in Treat‐All and ART outpatient departments in one hospital in standard of care;
this is the time from HIV diagnosis to ART initiation;
this is the time from facility‐based HIV care enrolment to ART initiation.