Thyroid associated orbitopathy (TAO) is an inflammatory condition affecting the orbit and adnexa.

Patients with thyroid abnormalities should be screened for TAO and referred to a multidisciplinary TAO group early in the disease course.

Corticosteroids have been the standard of care for severe active disease since the 1960s.

Rituximab has shown mixed results in the control of active disease.

Tocilizumab has demonstrated efficacy in reducing the clinical activity score and proptosis in a small RCT.

Teprotumumab, an IGF-1R antibody in clinical trials, has shown efficacy in treating active disease and reducing proptosis in a phase III trial.