Table 5.
Design and realisation of brain perfusion phantoms for quantitative perfusion imaging (PI)
| 1st author, year [reference] | Perfusion measure(s) | Phantom performance | Q |
|---|---|---|---|
| Direct comparison with Q | |||
| Klotz, 1999 [29] | BF | r = 0.990 | 50–140 mL/min |
| Wang, 2010 [27] | BF | r > 0.834 | 45–180 mL/min |
| Mathys, 2012 [31] | BF | r = 0.995 | 200–600 mL/min |
| Peladeau-Pigeon, 2013 [12] | BF | r = 0.992 | 210–450 mL/min |
| Ohno, 2017 [33] | BF | r > 0.90 | 240–480 mL/min |
| Ziemer, 2015 [40] | BF | r = 0.98 | 0.96–2.49 mL/g/min |
| O’Doherty, 2017 [36] | BF | r = 0.99 | 1–5 mL/g/min |
| Andersen, 2000 [9] | BF |
ε ≈ 0.015 ± 0.03 cm/s ε ≈ 0.001 ± 0.03 cm/s |
0.015 ± 0.002 cm/s 0.570 ± 0.003 cm/s |
| Ressner, 2006 [39] | BF |
ε > 40% ε < 20% |
1–3 cm/s 5–7 cm/s |
| Zarinabad, 2012 [35] | BF |
ε = 0.007 ± 0.002 mL/g/min ε = 0.23 ± 0.26 ml/g/min |
0.5 mL/g/min 5 mL/g/min |
| Zarinabad, 2014 [34] | BF |
ε < 0.03 mL/g/min ε < 0.05 ml/g/min |
2.5–5 mL/g/min 1–2.5 mL/g/min |
| Suzuki, 2017 [25] | BF | ε ≈ 0.0589 ± 0.0108 mL/g/min | 0.1684 mL/g/min |
| Hashimoto, 2018 [24] | BF | ε ≈ 0.0446 ± 0.0130 mL/g/min | 0.1684 mL/g/min |
| Ebrahimi, 2019 [32] | BF | BF/Q > 0.6 | 0.12–1.2 mL/min |
| Indirect comparison with Q | |||
| Veltmann, 2002 [17] | rkin | r > 0.984, χ2 < 0.019 | 10–45 mL/min |
| Chai, 2002 [20] | ∆SI ratio | r = 0.995 | 50–300 mL/min |
| Cangür, 2004 [28] |
TTP PSI AUC PG FWHM |
r = -0.964 r = 0.683 r = 0.668 r = 0.907 r = -0.63 |
1.8–21.6 mL/min |
| Myer-Wiethe, 2005 [16] | ∆SI | r = 0.99 | 4.5–36 mL/min |
| Lee, 2016 [19] | fp | r > 0.838 | 1–3 mL/min |
| O’Doherty, 2017 [36] | SI |
r = 0.99 r = 0.99 |
1–5 mL/g/min (MRI) 1.2–5.1 mL/g/min (MRI vs PET) |
| Kim, 2016 [14] | AUC | Efficiency <50% | 0.1–2.0 mL/min |
| Claassen, 2001 [30] | AUC, PSI, MTT | No clear correlation with Q | |
Phantom performance is predominantly listed in correlation statistics (r, χ2) and absolute errors (ε). A distinction is made between direct and indirect comparison with a “ground truth” flow measure (Q), which consists of theoretical or experimental values. BF Blood flow, TTP Time to peak, MTT Mean transit time, AUC Area under the curve, (P)SI Peak signal intensity, fp Perfusion fraction, rkin Replenishment kinetics, FWHM Full width at half maximum, PG Positive gradient