Table 2.
Isolated moulds, surgical treatment, and outcome of mould wound infections in case series and case reports published in the last decade
| Author (year) [ref] | Type of trauma (isolated mould/s) | No. of patients | Reported surgical debridement and/or amputation in addition to antifungal therapy No. of patients (%) |
Mortality No. (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wilson et al. (2019) [65] | Traffic accident (Rhizopus spp.) | 1 |
Multiple surgical debridements 1/1 (100) |
0/1 (0) |
| Lelievre et al. (2014) [12] | Traffic accidents, farm working accidents, blast injuries * (Rhizopus spp., Lichtheimia spp., Mucor spp., Saksenaea spp., Apophysomyces spp.) | 16 |
Multiple surgical debridements 6/16 (37.5) Amputation 2/16 (12.5) |
2/16 (12.5) |
| Rodriguez et al. (2014) [20] ** | Combat-related injuries (Mucorales, Aspergillus spp., other moulds) | 96 |
Multiple surgical debridements 96/96 (100) High-level amputations (total hip disarticulation or hemipelvectomy) 16/96 (16.7) |
6/96 (6.3) |
| Neblett Fanfair et al. (2012) [9] | Tornado-related trauma (Apophysomyces spp., Aspergillus spp., Mucor spp., Fusarium spp.) | 13 |
Surgical debridement 13/13 (100) |
5/13 (38.5) |
| Vitrat-Hincky et al. (2009) [13] | Traffic accidents, farm working accidents (Mucorales, Aspergillus spp., Fusarium spp.) | 6 |
Amputation 5/6 (83.3) Large musculocutaneous excision 1/6 (16.7) |
0/6 (0) |
| Tully et al. (2009) [7] | Combat-related injuries (Actinomucor spp.) | 1 |
Surgical debridement 1/1 (100) |
1/1 (100) |
| Arnaiz-Garcia et al. (2009) [55] | Various (Mucor spp, Rhizomucor spp., Lichtheimia spp.) | 5 |
Surgical debridement 3/5 (60) Amputation 2/5 (40) |
0/5 (0) |
| Corti et al. (2009) [66] | Traffic accident (Lichtheimia spp.) | 1 |
Surgical debridement 1/1 (100) Amputation 1/1 (100) |
0/1 (0) |
| Volkmer et al. (2009) [67] | Traffic accident (Mucor spp., Aspergillus spp., Fusarium spp.) | 1 |
Surgical debridement 1/1 (100) |
0/1 (0) |
| Stasiak et al. (2009) [68] | Traffic accident (Mucor spp.) | 1 |
Surgical debridement 1/1 (100) Amputation 1/1 (100) |
1/1 (100) |
| Ozer et al. (2009) [69] | Farm accident (Aspergillus spp.) | 1 |
Surgical debridement 1/1 (100) |
0/1 (0) |
| Stewardson et al. (2009) [70] | Swimming accident (Saksenaea spp.) | 1 |
Surgical debridement 1/1 (100) |
0/1 (0) |
| Blazquez et al. (2010) [71] | Traffic accident (Lichtheimia spp.) | 1 |
Surgical debridement 1/1 (100) |
0/1 (0) |
| Van Sickels et al. (2011) [72] | Gun shots wounds (Rhizopus spp.) | 1 |
Surgical debridement 1/1 (100) |
0/1 (0) |
| Hospenthal et al. (2011) [73] | Combat-related injuries (Saksenaea spp.) | 1 |
Multiple surgical debridements 1/1 (100) |
1/1 (100) |
| Rabie et al. (2012) [74] | Traffic accident (Rhizopus spp.) | 1 | Not described | NA |
| Paolino et al. (2012) [75] | Combat-related injuries (Aspergillus spp., Fusarium spp., Mucorales, others) | 6 |
Multiple debridements 6/6 (100) Amputation 3/6 (50) |
0/6 (0) |
| Mayayo et al. (2013 [76] | Traffic accident (Saksenaea spp.) | 1 |
Surgical debridement 1/1 (100) |
1/1 (100) |
| Pozo-Laderas et al. (2015) [77] | Traffic accident (Rhizomucor spp.) | 1 |
Multiple surgical interventions (disseminated infection) 1/1 (100) |
0/1 (0) |
| Tak et al. (2013) [78] | Traffic accident (Aspergillus spp.) | 1 |
Surgical debridement 1/1 (100) |
0/1 (0) |
| Poirier et al. (2013) [79] | Various (Lichtheimia spp. ***) | 3 |
Surgical debridement 1/3 (33.3) Amputation 1/3 (33.3) |
1/3 (33.3) |
| Gómez-Camarasa et al. (2014) [80] | Farm accident (Saksenaea spp.) | 1 |
Multiple debridements 1/1 (100) |
1/1 (100) |
| Lundy et al. (2014) [81] | Combat-related injuries (Mucorales) | 2 |
Surgical debridement and proctectomy 2/2 (100) |
0/2 (0) |
| Tyll et al. (2016) [82] | Traffic accident (Lichtheimia spp.) | 1 |
Amputation 1/1 (100) |
0/1 (0) |
| Obradović-Tomasev et al. (2016) [19] | Corn-picker hand injuries (Aspergillus spp., Mucor spp.) | 8 |
Multiple surgical debridements 8/8 (100) |
0/8 (0) |
| Kyriopoulos et al. (2015) [83] | Traffic accident (Rhizomucor spp., Rhizopus spp.) | 2 |
Surgical debridement 2/2 (100) |
0/2 (0) |
| Kite et al. (2016) [84] | Garden rake injury (Scedosporium spp.) | 1 |
Surgical debridement 1/1 (100) |
0/1 (0) |
| Liu et al. (2017) [85] | Branch scratch (Aspergillus spp.) | 1 | None | 0/1 (0) |
| Egge et al. (2018) [86] | Traffic accident (Apophysomyces spp.) | 1 |
Multiple debridements 1/1 (100) |
1/1 (100) |
| Sękowska et al. (2019) [87] | Traffic accident (Mucor spp.) | 1 |
Amputation 1/1 (100) |
0/1 (100) |
NA, not available. Comprehensive summaries of management of post-traumatic mould wound injuries in previous decades and in burn patients are available elsewhere [13, 34]
*Some cases of burn or postoperative mould wound infections were also included (4/16)
**Cohort overlapping with that of other studies investigating different aspects of combat-related injuries [10, 21, 24, 50, 63]
***Possible cross-transmission