Table 2.

Surveys and physiological measures during training

Measure	VR with Perturbations	VR without Perturbations	Unaltered View
Motion Sickness	24.3% (17.3%)	22.2% (19.6%)	—
Presence #1 (WS)	64.9% (8.7%)	65.2% (9.6%)	—
Presence #2 (SUS)	55.2% (18.1%)	57.0% (16.1%)	—
Heart rate (beats/min)	105.15 (18.74)	104.98 (9.02)	103.29 (12.99)
Electrodermal activity (counts/min)	42.76 (9.42)	41.73 (17.62)	40.03 (16.45)

Average values for motion sickness (Motion Sickness Assessment Questionnaire) and presence questionnaires, along with average heart rate and electrodermal activity during training for both virtual reality (VR) groups and unaltered view (n = 10 for each group). Standard deviations are in parentheses. Presence #1 refers to Witmer & Singer Presence Questionnaire; presence #2 refers to Slater-Usoh-Steed Questionnaire. We found no significant differences across groups for these measures (ANOVA P > 0.05).