Table 3.
Comparisons of clinical features, laboratory parameters, and managements between survivors and nonsurvivors.
| Variables | Survivors (N = 38) | Nonsurvivors (N = 19) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 47.6 ± 17.1 | 48.9 ± 17.3 | 0.859 |
| Sex (female) | 18 (47.4%) | 11 (57.9%) | 0.454 |
| Duration of nephrotic syndrome (months) | 20.2 ± 37.1 | 30.8 ± 38.2 | 0.202 |
| Ever-smokers | 7 (18.4%) | 3 (15.8%) | 1.000 |
| Hypertension | 20 (52.6%) | 10 (52.6%) | 1.000 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 10 (26.3%) | 3 (15.8%) | 0.510 |
| SLE as the underlying disease | 3 (7.9%) | 6 (31.6%) | 0.048 |
| Renal pathology | 0.180 | ||
| Membranous nephropathy | 18 (47.4%) | 8 (42.1%) | |
| Mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis | 5 (13.2%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| Minimal change nephropathy | 3 (7.9%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis | 2 (5.3%) | 2 (10.5%) | |
| Others | 10 (26.3%) | 9 (47.4%) | |
| Use of immunosuppressants | |||
| Duration of corticosteroid administration (months) | 8.9 ± 13.6 | 19.9 ± 24.0 | 0.079 |
| Dose of corticosteroids before symptom onset | |||
| Low doses (<20 mg/d) | 2 (5.3%) | 3 (15.8%) | 0.321 |
| High doses (≥20 mg/d) | 36 (94.7%) | 16 (84.2%) | 0.321 |
| Immunosuppressive agents | 33 (86.8%) | 17 (89.5%) | 1.000 |
| CTX | 21/33 (63.6%) | 10/17 (58.5%) | 0.767 |
| CsA | 10/33 (30.3%) | 3/17 (17.6%) | 0.499 |
| Symptoms | |||
| Fever | 35 (92.1%) | 18 (94.7%) | 1.000 |
| Cough | 33 (86.8%) | 18 (94.7%) | 0.652 |
| Dyspnea | 32 (84.2%) | 19 (100%) | 0.164 |
| Initial vital signs | |||
| Body temperature ( C) | 37.09 ± 0.87 | 37.87 ± 0.82 | 0.002 |
| Heart rate (beats per min) | 94.7 ± 17.0 | 99.3 ± 20.7 | 0.436 |
| Respiratory rate (breaths per min) | 24.8 ± 8.1 | 27.1 ± 7.8 | 0.189 |
| Mean arterial pressure (mmHg) | 90.5 ± 11.1 | 86.2 ± 16.4 | 0.088 |
| SpO2 (%) | 93.5 ± 4.9 | 89.8 ± 7.0 | 0.048 |
| Laboratory findings | |||
| pH | 7.44 ± 0.06 | 7.44 ± 0.06 | 0.961 |
| PaO2 (mmHg) | 63.6 ± 21.2 | 54.4 ± 9.7 | 0.187 |
| PaCO2 (mmHg) | 35.3 ± 5.6 | 33.8 ± 5.4 | 0.259 |
| pO2 (A-a) (mmHg) | 45.4 ± 20.1 | 58.0 ± 8.7 | 0.096 |
| Blood leukocyte count (109/L) | 10.00 ± 4.55 | 9.48 ± 5.49 | 0.636 |
| Blood neutrophil count (109/L) | 8.85 ± 4.23 | 8.74 ± 5.32 | 0.846 |
| Blood lymphocyte count (109/L) | 1.12 ± 1.91 | 0.52 ± 0.38 | 0.095 |
| B Lymphocyte count (μl) | 108.0 ± 130.0 | 38.4 ± 51.4 | 0.025 |
| T Lymphocyte count (μl) | 644.7 ± 781.7 | 215.8 ± 123.0 | <0.001 |
| CD4+ T lymphocyte count (μl) | 305.4 ± 437.8 | 65.2 ± 57.6 | <0.001 |
| CD8+ T lymphocyte count (μl) | 302.0 ± 341.6 | 139.8 ± 79.6 | 0.074 |
| CD4/CD8 ratio | 1.04 ± 0.66 | 0.48 ± 0.27 | <0.001 |
| Albumin (g/L) | 23.6 ± 5.0 | 22.1 ± 4.2 | 0.109 |
| Urea (mmol/L) | 10.18 ± 6.36 | 14.28 ± 8.79 | 0.045 |
| Creatinine (μmol/L) | 142.7 ± 129.9 | 167.7 ± 121.4 | 0.108 |
| eGFR (mL/min·1.73 m2) | 82.5 ± 67.1 | 54.9 ± 36.2 | 0.098 |
| Hypersensitive C-reactive protein (mg/L) | 75.19 ± 78.98 | 122.80 ± 119.6 | 0.156 |
| Lactate dehydrogenase (U/L) | 559.0 ± 194.3 | 807.5 ± 416.4 | 0.091 |
| 1,3-β-d-Glucan assay (pg/ml) | 1383 ± 1043 | 1045 ± 911 | 0.224 |
| Positive blood CMV-DNA by PCR | 17/38 (44.7%) | 11/18 (61.1%) | 0.391 |
| Positive blood EBV-DNA by PCR | 9/37 (24.3%) | 3/17 (17.6%) | 0.732 |
| PCT ≥ 0.5 ng/ml | 14 (36.8%) | 12 (63.2%) | 0.091 |
| Managements | |||
| ICU admission | 19 (50.0%) | 18 (94.7%) | 0.001 |
| Mechanical ventilation | 12 (31.6%) | 18 (94.7%) | <0.001 |
| IMV | 10 (26.3%) | 15 (78.9%) | |
| NIMV | 2 (5.3%) | 3 (15.8%) | |
| CRRT | 4 (10.5%) | 5 (26.3%) | 0.143 |
SLE: systemic lupus erythematosus, CTX: cyclophosphamide, CsA: cyclosporin A, SpO2: oxygen saturation, CMV: cytomegalovirus, EBV: Epstein-Barr virus, PCT: procalcitonin, IMV: invasive mechanical ventilation, and NIMV: noninvasive mechanical ventilation. Data were presented as mean ± SD or numbers (%).