Table 1.

Pharmacological activities of S. alata.

	Parts used	Country	Ethnomedicinal use	Solvent used	Pharmacological activity	Model used	Phytochemicals	References
(1)	Leaves	Nigeria	Treatment of diarrhoea, upper respiratory tract infection, and to hasten labour	Aqueous	Abortifacient	Pregnant rats	Saponins, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, cardenolides, dienolides, phenolics and alkaloids	[55]
(2)	Leaves	India	To manage diabetes	Ethanolic	Hepato-renal protective effects	Male albino Wistar rats		[56]
(3)	Leaves	India	Treatment of allergy/asthma	Hydromethanolic	Antiallergic	Lipoxygenase (LOX) enzyme	Rhein and kaempferol	[7]
(4)	Leaves	Thailand	To manage diabetes and weight	Aqueous	Antilipogenic	High-fat diet-induced obese mice		[57]
(5)	Leaves	India	Treatment of bacterial infections	Methanol	Antibacterial	Pathogenic bacterial strains		[58]
(6)	Leaves	Cameroon	Treatment of gonorrhoea, gastrointestinal and skin diseases	Methanol	Antibacterial	Multidrug-resistant (MDR) Vibrio cholerae and Shigella flexneri	Kaempferol, luteolin and aloe-emodin	[59]
(7)	Leaves	India	To manage diabetes	Methanol	Antidiabetic	α-Glucosidase enzyme	Kaempferol 3-O-gentiobioside	[31]
(8)	Leaves	Thailand	Treatment of skin infections	Anthraquinone	Antifungal	STZ-induced diabetic rats	Anthraquinone	[60]
(9)	Leaves	Nigeria	To wash the uterus	Hexane	Anti-implantation, antigonadotropic, antiprogesteronic	Ovariectomized female rats	Alkaloids	[61]
(10)	Flower	Nigeria	Treatment of urinary tract infections and gonorrhoea	Methanol	Antibacterial	Bacterial strains	Steroids, anthraquinone glycosides, volatile oils and tannin	[62]
(11)	Flower	India	To treat scabies and ringworm	Aqueous	Antifungal	Aflatoxin producing and human pathogenic fungi		[63]
(12)	Leaves and barks	Malaysia	To treat superficial fungal infections	Ethanol and water	Antimicrobial	Bacterial and fungal strains		[64]
(13)	Leaves	Cameroon		Ethanol	Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory	White blood cells		[30]
(14)	Leaves	India	Used as purgative expectorant, astringent, vermicide	Ethanol	Anticancer	Male Wistar rats	Alkaloid, flavonoids, saponins, tannins glycosides	[65]
(15)	Leaves	Indonesia	Treatment of malaria; antioxidant and antibacterial	Ethanol	Antiviral	DENV-2 and Huh 7it cells	Flavonoid	[66]
(16)	Petals	India	As an immune stimulant	Petroleum ether	Immunomodulatory	Garra rufa fish	Cardiac glycosides, phenols, anthraquinone, alkaloids	[67]
(17)	Root	Nigeria	As an abortifacient in women, for the termination of early pregnancy	Ethanol	Uterine smooth muscle	Male and female Albino mice	Alkaloids	[68]
(18)	Leaves	Burkina Faso	Treatment of asthma-induced bronchospasm	Aqueous and ethanolic	Bronchorelaxant, genotoxic, and antigenotoxic	Male and female Wistar rats		[69]
(19)	Leaves	Egypt	Treatment of skin tumour	Methanol	Antitumor	Human cancer cell lines (HepG2, MDA-MB-231, and Caco2)	Palmitic, linolenic, linoleic, stearic acid	[70]
(20)	Leaves	Thailand	Laxative	Methanol	Anti-inflammatory	Tert-butyl hydroperoxide-induced oxidative stress in HaCaT cells	Rhein	[71]
(21)	Leaves, flower and fruit	Nigeria	Laxative and treatment of microbial infections	Methanol and ethanol	Antifungal and antibacterial	Clinical bacterial and fungal isolates	Flavonoids	[72]
(22)	Leaves	Thailand	In regulating glucose level in the blood	Aqueous	Antilipogenic	Male ICR mice		[73]
(23)	Leaves	Cameroon	To cure fever	Aqueous and methanolic	Antiplasmodial	RPMI 1640 and albumax		[74]