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. 2020 Mar 3;323(9):863–884. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.0734

Table 2. Health Care Estimated Spending in 2016 for the 100 Most Expensive Health Conditions of the 154 Health Conditions Analyzed.

Health
Care
Spending
Rank
(High
to Low)
Health Condition Category
Codeb
Health Care Spending,
2016 $Billion
(95% CI)
Estimate, %a
Aggregated Age Group, y Type of Payer Type of Care Government
Administration
and Net Cost
of Insurance
Programs
<20 20-64 ≥65 Public
Insurance
Private
Insurance
Out-
of-Pocket
Payments
Ambulatory Inpatient Prescribed
Pharmaceuticals
Nursing
Care
Facility
ED Dental
1 Low back and neck pain A 134.5 (122.4-146.9) 1.9 67.9 30.3 33.7 57.2 9.2 58.7 22.4 3.5 1.4 3.9 0 10.0
2 Other musculoskeletal disordersc A 129.8 (116.3-149.7) 3.9 60.7 35.4 36.2 56.4 7.5 64.5 8.6 8.7 5.5 2.5 0 10.2
3 Diabetes B 111.2 (105.7-115.9) 2.5 57.4 40.1 49.8 44.2 6.0 27.1 8.6 46.3 5.8 2.1 0 10.1
4 Ischemic heart disease C 89.3 (81.1-95.5) 0.4 42.7 56.9 54.0 42.4 3.5 23.8 49.5 7.5 3.8 5.1 0 10.3
5 Falls F 87.4 (75-100.1) 5.2 38.4 56.4 46.7 39.7 13.6 27.7 31.1 1.1 21.1 9.7 0 9.2
6 Urinary diseasesd B 86.0 (76.3-95.9) 4.1 48.2 47.7 49.2 45.1 5.7 52.0 14.1 7.8 5.1 11.0 0 10.1
7 Skin and subcutaneous diseasese E 85.0 (80.5-90.2) 15.2 55.3 29.5 35.0 58.0 7.0 54.1 12.3 13.6 3.8 5.9 0 10.2
8 Osteoarthritis A 80.0 (72.2-86.1) 0 50.1 49.9 45.4 49.5 5.1 26.7 49.9 6.1 6.6 0.4 0 10.3
9 Dementias H 79.2 (67.6-90.8) 0 3.1 96.9 56.1 19.2 24.6 2.2 9.3 2.4 77.1 1.2 0 7.8
10 Hypertension M 79.0 (72.6-86.8) 0.7 48.1 51.2 56.9 36.5 6.6 60.1 5.2 12.1 7.1 5.6 0 9.9
11 Oral disordersf E 76.4 (73.8-79.4) 16.3 58.1 25.6 15.1 45.0 40.0 1.4 1.6 0.7 0 1.0 88.5 6.7
12 Pregnancy and postpartum careg I 71.3 (64.9-77.7) 2.7 97.3 0 20.9 74.0 5.1 42.0 46.5 0.3 0 0.6 0 10.7
13 Depressive disorders G 67.5 (62.3-72.7) 10.0 75.5 14.5 53.4 37.7 8.9 53.1 12.5 21.2 2.1 1.4 0 9.7
14 Sense organ disordersh E 64.1 (58.1-69.8) 7.9 35.5 56.7 46.3 41.8 11.9 74.4 2.5 9.6 1.6 2.5 0 9.5
15 Well dental I 60.5 (57.3-63.2) 39.8 44.3 16.0 10.7 54.4 34.9 0 0 0 0 0 92.6 7.4
16 Road injuries F 57.9 (46.7-71.6) 8.7 72.5 18.8 36.2 58.9 4.9 11.8 59.5 0.2 0.7 17.2 0 10.5
17 Other neurological diseasesi H 52.9 (47.1-58.7) 5.2 62.2 32.6 41.7 50.1 8.2 59.3 7.7 11.1 6.3 5.6 0 10.0
18 Septicemia D 52.5 (42.0-62.9) 2.5 53.3 44.2 55.0 40.6 4.4 0 84.6 0 3.1 2.2 0 10.2
19 Other chronic respiratory diseasesj L 45.0 (39.4-50.1) 22.6 57.7 19.7 26.9 65.0 8.1 72.3 4.9 8.0 0.2 4.3 0 10.3
20 Other digestive diseasesk J 44.4 (40.6-49.5) 8.8 54.0 37.2 48.5 45.3 6.1 29.4 19.9 19.8 8.5 12.3 0 10.1
21 Anxiety disorders G 42.4 (37.8-47.7) 9.7 75.3 15.0 49.6 41.2 9.2 55.7 7.0 21.3 2.5 3.8 0 9.7
22 Cerebrovascular disease C 41.9 (37.7-47.1) 1.1 35.8 63.1 56.5 32.8 10.7 4.6 48.1 1.0 32.7 4.1 0 9.4
23 Gynecological diseasesl B 39.4 (35.3-43.3) 2.4 86.3 11.2 18.5 73.5 8.0 51.7 17.1 12.2 0.7 8.0 0 10.4
24 Asthma L 35.5 (32.4-38.2) 22.1 56.8 21.1 41.4 51.5 7.1 21.9 8.6 48.0 1.5 9.9 0 10.1
25 COPD L 34.3 (31.5-37.3) 0.6 35.8 63.6 69.8 24.2 6.0 10.6 28.8 28.5 12.7 9.7 0 9.7
26 Rheumatoid arthritis A 33.8 (28.9-37.7) 17.8 66.1 16.1 36.8 43.2 20.0 6.0 1.1 83.8 0.4 0.1 0 8.7
27 Heart failure C 33.4 (30.7-36.8) 5.1 34.8 60.1 68.0 23.7 8.3 6.9 51.2 11.4 16.5 4.6 0 9.5
28 Endocrine, metabolic, blood, and immune disordersm B 32.9 (29.9-36.3) 10.1 60.9 28.9 36.3 53.8 9.9 32.4 22.5 26.4 5.7 3.2 0 9.9
29 Cirrhosis N 32.5 (27.0-40.4) 3.6 67.9 28.4 39.9 56.2 3.9 17.4 62.9 2.6 2.3 4.3 0 10.5
30 Lower respiratory tract infections D 32.2 (28.7-35.9) 17.0 43.2 39.8 56.0 37.7 6.4 12.8 51.2 3.9 9.3 12.9 0 9.9
31 Other unintentional injuries F 30.1 (24.3-37.9) 8.3 68.9 22.8 27.2 64.7 8.0 63.0 11.4 1.4 2.0 11.9 0 10.3
32 Injuries due to mechanical forcesn F 28.7 (23.5-34.4) 22.7 62.6 14.6 25.5 65.3 9.2 60.0 11.0 1.9 0.2 16.7 0 10.1
33 Atrial fibrillation and flutter C 28.4 (24.6-33.8) 0 25.0 75.0 56.4 36.9 6.7 29.4 29.8 10.5 15.3 5.1 0 9.9
34 Preterm birth complicationso D 28.2 (21.8-37.6) 100 0 0 25.9 70.0 4.1 7.5 81.5 0 0 0.2 0 10.7
35 Hyperlipidemia M 26.4 (24.3-29.4) 0.6 51.0 48.4 49.1 43.8 7.1 33.4 5.9 45.6 4.7 0.5 0 10.0
36 Other cardiovascular and circulatory diseasesp C 26.2 (22.8-29.9) 3.9 46.8 49.3 53.1 42.7 4.1 37.3 42.8 2.3 3.9 3.5 0 10.2
37 Inflammatory bowel disease J 25.3 (22.3-28.7) 8.6 66.1 25.3 34.2 60.8 5.0 15.5 40.4 12.9 2.6 18.2 0 10.5
38 Nonmelanoma skin cancer K 21.6 (17.7-27.5) 0.5 40.2 59.3 45.1 48.2 6.6 87.8 1.2 0.8 0.1 0 0 10.1
39 Gallbladder and biliary diseases J 20.6 (18.3-23.2) 2.5 71.4 26.1 34.7 61.0 4.2 14.3 52.9 0.3 1.7 20.2 0 10.6
40 Chronic kidney diseases B 19.7 (16.3-22.9) 3.0 45.3 51.7 59.4 37.6 3.0 9.2 72.8 0.3 6.3 1.2 0 10.2
41 Well infant I 17.4 (13.5-21.9) 100 0 0 29.5 67.9 2.6 0 89.1 0 0 0 0 10.9
42 Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder G 17.0 (14.4-20.1) 58.2 40.0 1.9 34.3 55.6 10.1 39.4 1.0 49.6 0 0.1 0 9.9
43 HIV/AIDS D 15.7 (12.7-20.0) 16.3 73.4 10.3 78.7 15.3 6.0 2.4 6.7 80.9 0.5 0 0 9.5
44 Other infectious diseasesq D 14.9 (13.0-16.9) 36.8 44.7 18.5 37.2 55.3 7.6 42.8 27.5 7.8 3.7 8.1 0 10.1
45 Congenital anomalies E 14.6 (10.6-18.6) 72.9 20.9 6.3 30.0 65.9 4.1 7.7 80.0 0.6 0.4 0.7 0 10.7
46 Migraine H 14.3 (11.8-17.0) 7.3 86.1 6.6 22.8 69.4 7.8 36.7 6.2 32.8 0.1 13.7 0 10.4
47 Multiple sclerosis H 13.9 (12.6-15.6) 16.6 68.3 15.1 50.9 36.2 13.0 5.1 3.9 76.3 5.4 0.1 0 9.2
48 Bipolar disorder G 13.7 (12.4-15.1) 11.3 75.9 12.8 73.6 21.6 4.7 15.3 44.8 23.5 4.6 1.9 0 9.8
49 Schizophrenia G 13.7 (12.5-15.0) 3.5 75.0 21.5 91.3 4.7 4.0 8.6 58.9 8.5 14.0 0.5 0 9.5
50 Other neoplasms K 13.2 (11.0-15.6) 10.6 55.6 33.7 33.9 60.4 5.7 44.0 42.4 1.0 1.7 0.4 0 10.4
51 Iron-deficiency anemia D 12.8 (11.0-16.2) 4.6 43.8 51.6 53.3 40.6 6.0 19.3 45.2 1.2 19.3 5.1 0 10.0
52 Upper respiratory tract infections D 12.6 (11.3-13.9) 50.2 38.9 10.9 37.0 54.3 8.7 58.1 6.3 3.6 0.3 21.7 0 10.0
53 Drug use disordersr G 12.5 (10.9-14.1) 3.3 85.1 11.6 71.4 20.0 8.6 59.0 26.1 0.5 0.8 4.3 0 9.4
54 Leukemia K 12.0 (10.7-13.6) 22.7 57.9 19.4 28.6 62.7 8.7 11.3 47.7 29.8 1.0 0 0 10.2
55 Non-Hodgkin lymphoma K 11.8 (10.4-13.4) 15.9 56.7 27.3 22.6 52.2 25.1 14.4 27.4 48.1 1.8 0 0 8.3
56 Endocarditis C 11.5 (10.6-37.9) 2.2 43.1 54.7 51.7 45.6 2.7 8.0 78.9 0.3 2.3 0 0 10.4
57 Indirect maternal complications due to preexisting condition D 11.0 (8.3-13.5) 5.8 94.2 0 37.7 56.2 6.0 2.1 72.9 0.2 0 14.5 0 10.3
58 Well person I 11.0 (9.3-13.0) 31.3 43.7 25.1 34.2 58.3 7.5 88.2 0 1.6 0 0 0 10.2
59 Interpersonal violence F 10.9 (8.2-14.0) 9.8 85.8 4.4 24.7 69.4 5.9 5.2 64.5 0.2 0.1 19.4 0 10.6
60 Hemoglobinopathies; hemolytic anemias B 10.7 (9.6-11.9) 24.2 58.7 17.1 52.3 17.6 30.1 3.1 18.4 70.6 0.2 0.4 0 7.2
61 Colon and rectum cancers K 10.5 (9.3-11.6) 0.6 56.7 42.7 41.8 54.4 3.8 19.7 65.9 0.8 2.8 0.3 0 10.5
62 Morbid obesity M 9.7 (7.2-12.4) 1.9 83.0 15.1 32.8 62.1 5.2 8.0 75.1 2.1 4.2 0.1 0 10.5
63 Otitis media D 9.7 (7.9-12.8) 77.5 15.1 7.5 25.6 65.4 9.0 78.3 1.5 4.4 0.1 5.7 0 10.2
64 Inguinal or femoral hernia J 9.5 (7.7-11.5) 3.7 61.9 34.4 38.2 55.7 6.0 54.5 27.6 1.2 1.0 5.3 0 10.3
65 Appendicitis J 9.3 (8.0-10.8) 27.6 64.1 8.2 23.2 71.1 5.6 3.2 53.2 0 0.2 32.7 0 10.6
66 Paralytic ileus; intestinal obstruction J 9.2 (8.3-11.4) 5.7 45.5 48.9 58.0 38.1 3.8 3.0 73.4 0.1 6.1 7.2 0 10.2
67 Acute renal failure B 9.1 (7.6-10.7) 2.4 32.3 65.3 81.9 14.7 3.4 16.7 59.1 0.9 10.0 3.6 0 9.8
68 Hepatitis D 8.9 (7.9-10.4) 24.1 62.3 13.5 50.7 36.4 12.9 3.8 4.2 82.5 0.2 0.1 0 9.3
69 Epilepsy H 8.6 (7.4-10.0) 23.1 58.5 18.4 63.4 31.5 5.1 12.8 49.2 14.6 3.4 10.1 0 9.9
70 Alcohol use disorders G 8.2 (6.9-9.4) 2.6 79.5 18.0 71.9 22.5 5.5 36.5 46.7 0.2 1.3 5.6 0 9.7
71 Pancreatitis J 7.7 (6.3-9.2) 3.3 73.4 23.3 45.4 48.5 6.1 5.2 75.1 0.3 4.1 5.2 0 10.1
72 Trachea, bronchus, and lung cancers K 7.3 (6.3-8.4) 0.6 44.2 55.2 61.0 35.2 3.8 21.3 61.7 2.7 2.6 1.6 0 10.1
73 Multiple myeloma K 7.1 (6.1-8.5) 3.4 57.9 38.7 37.3 52.5 10.2 28.9 20.2 40.5 0.6 0 0 9.8
74 Peripheral vascular disease C 7.0 (6.1-8.0) 0 34.5 65.5 62.6 32.6 4.7 11.8 56.5 1.1 20.2 0.3 0 10.0
75 Brain and nervous system cancers K 6.8 (6.0-7.6) 14.1 63.7 22.2 28.3 65.3 6.4 7.2 67.1 12.3 2.4 0.6 0 10.4
76 Diarrheal diseases D 6.6 (6.1-7.2) 16.2 47.0 36.8 48.0 45.5 6.5 20.1 51.7 1.8 4.9 11.4 0 10.1
77 Prostate cancer K 5.9 (5.4-6.6) 1.1 48.1 50.8 41.3 52.0 6.8 39.5 37.9 8.4 3.9 0.1 0 10.1
78 Cardiomyopathy; myocarditis C 5.9 (4.5-6.9) 5.7 51.8 42.5 47.4 46.3 6.3 42.8 34.9 8.9 1.4 1.9 0 10.1
79 Aortic aneurysm C 5.6 (5.1-6.2) 1.3 40.5 58.2 62.5 35.3 2.3 7.5 80.2 0 1.8 0.2 0 10.3
80 Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy D 5.5 (4.8-6.3) 5.1 94.9 0 41.4 54.0 4.6 2.8 86.7 0 0 0.1 0 10.4
81 Poisonings F 5.3 (4.5-6.4) 10.7 70.6 18.7 45.5 49.2 5.3 5.4 68.5 0.8 0.4 14.7 0 10.2
82 Other maternal disorders D 5.1 (4.0-6.0) 5.0 95.0 0 28.1 67.9 4.0 1.3 76.7 0.1 0 11.2 0 10.7
83 Breast cancer K 4.5 (3.6-5.5) 0.5 68.6 30.9 34.0 57.9 8.1 31.0 48.9 2.8 5.1 2.1 0 10.1
84 Peptic ulcer disease J 4.5 (3.9-5.7) 1.6 53.1 45.3 53.0 42.8 4.2 6.6 71.2 3.1 5.2 3.7 0 10.2
85 Parkinson disease H 4.5 (3.9-5.2) 0 15.3 84.7 69.5 18.5 11.9 14.3 10.0 12.7 53.9 0.1 0 9.0
86 Obstructed labor D 4.4 (3.8-5.1) 3.6 96.4 0 42.9 52.9 4.2 0 89.6 0 0 0 0 10.4
87 Rheumatic heart disease C 4.3 (1.9-5.6) 4.0 20.5 75.5 65.8 31.9 2.3 9.6 78.4 0 0.8 1.0 0 10.2
88 Family planning I 3.6 (3.0-4.4) 4.6 95.0 0.4 11.0 84.1 4.9 12.8 0.3 76.0 0 0 0 10.9
89 Kidney cancer K 3.4 (2.9-3.9) 9.9 55.2 34.9 49.4 32.0 18.5 18.9 45.5 26.2 0.8 0 0 8.6
90 Gastritis; duodenitis J 3.3 (3.0-3.5) 7.3 61.4 31.3 63.6 29.6 6.9 12.1 40.8 3.3 3.2 31.0 0 9.7
91 Animal contact F 3.2 (2.4-4.4) 24.3 51.0 24.7 37.3 54.0 8.8 56.2 6.8 2.6 0.1 24.3 0 10.0
92 Gout A 2.8 (1.7-5.7) 0.1 36.5 63.4 48.1 37.7 14.2 18.6 14.8 27.2 23.8 6.5 0 9.1
93 Autistic spectrum disorders G 2.7 (2.0-3.3) 72.9 26.1 1.1 57.7 35.4 6.9 81.7 6.7 1.7 0 0 0 9.8
94 Bladder cancer K 2.6 (2.3-2.9) 0.4 30.3 69.2 60.0 35.9 4.1 46.0 37.8 0.9 4.4 0.8 0 10.1
95 Pancreatic cancer K 2.5 (2.2-2.8) 2.0 54.0 44.0 47.8 44.8 7.5 11.7 57.3 19.2 1.8 0 0 9.9
96 Foreign body F 2.5 (2.2-2.8) 39.0 45.0 15.9 42.3 50.3 7.4 26.3 34.9 2.4 0.3 26.1 0 10.1
97 Self-harm F 2.4 (1.7-3.2) 9.4 81.8 8.8 40.6 53.7 5.8 0.8 78.4 0 0.2 10.4 0 10.3
98 Neonatal encephalopathy (birth asphyxia; trauma) D 2.4 (1.8-3.3) 100 0 0 34.3 61.4 4.3 8.0 81.5 0 0 0 0 10.6
99 Other neonatal disorders D 2.2 (1.5-3.0) 100 0 0 35.1 60.4 4.5 9.6 79.5 0 0 0.4 0 10.5
100 Interstitial lung disease; pulmonary sarcoidosis L 2.1 (1.8-2.5) 1.5 51.6 47.0 57.4 38.4 4.2 24.4 62.8 0.2 2.4 0.1 0 10.1

Abbreviations: COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ED, emergency department.

a

The 95% CIs appear in eTable 12.1 in the Supplement.

b

The corresponding aggregated health category descriptions appear in Table 1.

c

Includes disorders of the joints, muscular, and connective tissue, including myalgia and osteoporosis.

d

Includes urinary tract infection and cyst of kidney.

e

Includes cellulitis, sebaceous cyst, acne, and eczema.

f

Includes oral surgery and dental caries, including fillings, crowns, extractions, and dentures.

g

Includes vaginal and cesarean delivery.

h

Includes cataracts, vision correction, adult hearing loss, and macular degeneration.

i

Includes pain syndromes and muscular dystrophy.

j

Includes sleep apnea, allergic rhinitis, and chronic sinusitis.

k

Includes disease of the esophagus and diverticulitis of the colon.

l

Includes menopausal and postmenopausal disorders and endometriosis.

m

Includes other diseases of the thyroid and von Willebrand disease.

n

Includes injuries due to falling objects, being struck by an object, cuts, or being crushed.

o

Includes respiratory diseases and extreme neonatal immaturity.

p

Includes paroxysmal tachycardia and unspecified dysrhythmias.

q

Includes viral and chlamydial infections and streptococcal infection.

r

Includes cocaine, opioid, amphetamine, and cannabis dependence.