Fig. 1.

Sinomenine inhibits oligomeric amyloid beta-induced production of reactive oxygen species in astrocytic cells. The level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was examined using the DCFDA reagent. a The oligomeric amyloid beta (ADDL) increases the level of ROS in astrocytic cells. The C8D1A astrocytic cells were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or ADDL and the levels of ROS were assessed. LPS and ADDL significantly increased the level of ROS in the cells (n = 3). b Sinomenine inhibits ADDL-induced increase in the level of ROS in astrocytic cells. The C8D1A astrocytic cells were treated with ADDL in the absence or presence of sinomenine and the levels of ROS were assessed. ROS production was increased in the ADDL-treated astrocytic cells. However, sinomenine inhibited ADDL-induced increase in ROS production. Sinomenine did not affect the level of ROS in the absence of ADDL treatment (n = 4 in all groups). Asterisk indicates significant difference from control (p < 0.05). # indicates significant difference (p < 0.05) between groups as indicated