Table 4.
Association between independent variables and binary mental health outcomes – univariate analyses (N = 437)a
| Psychological Distress Crude OR (95% CI) | P-value | Anxiety Crude OR (95% CI) | P-value | Depression Crude OR (95% CI) | P-value | Self-Esteem Crude OR (95% CI) | P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | Age | N = 436 | N = 435 | N = 436 | N = 429 | ||||
| 0.90 (0.84–0.97) | 0.003 | 0.95 (0.92–0.98) | 0.002 | 0.96 (0.92–0.99) | 0.022 | 0.93 2(0.82–0.98) | 0.003 | ||
| Age | N = 436 | 0.005 | N = 435 | 0.010 | N = 436 | 0.129 | N = 429 | 0.028 | |
| 18–23 | 6.26 (1.89–20.81) | 0.003 | 2.69 (1.38–5.25) | 0.004 | 1.90 (0.88–4.10) | 0.103 | 3.35 (1.37–8.16) | 0.008 | |
| 24–29 | 3.33 (0.88–12.70) | 0.078 | 1.69 (0.77–3.71) | 0.195 | 1.04 (0.40–2.75) | 0.930 | 2.55 (0.94–6.94) | 0.066 | |
| 30+ | REF | REF | REF | REF | |||||
| Gender | N = 433 | N = 432 | N = 433 | N = 426 | |||||
| Male | REF | REF | REF | REF | |||||
| Female | 1.84 (0.96–3.54) | 0.068 | 2.02 (1.22–3.34) | 0.006 | 2.23 (1.17–4.23) | 0.015 | 2.01 (1.10–3.65) | 0.022 | |
| Sexual Orientation | N = 437 | N = 436 | N = 437 | N = 430 | |||||
| Heterosexual | REF | REF | REF | REF | |||||
| LGBTQI+ | 3.54 (1.78–7.02) | < 0.001 | 2.28 (1.25–4.15) | 0.007 | 2.70 (1.36–5.35) | 0.005 | 2.11 (1.06–4.21) | 0.035 | |
| Relationship Status | N = 432 | 0.004 | N = 431 | 0.541 | N = 432 | 0.136 | N = 426 | 0.055 | |
| Single & not dating | REF | REF | REF | REF | |||||
| Dating | 0.98 (0.43–2.19) | 0.951 | 0.65 (0.30–1.42) | 0.278 | 1.08 (0.48–2.45) | 0.850 | 0.85 (0.38–1.89) | 0.683 | |
| In an Exclusive relationship | 0.34 (0.17–0.67) | 0.002 | 0.85 (0.51–1.41) | 0.528 | 0.57 (0.30–1.07) | 0.081 | 0.49 (0.27–0.89) | 0.018 | |
| Employment | N = 436 | 0.100 | N = 435 | 0.944 | N = 436 | 0.435 | N = 429 | 0.818 | |
| Not employed | 2.36 (1.07–5.21) | 0.034 | 1.11 (0.60–2.03) | 0.746 | 1.47 (0.69–3.16) | 0.322 | 1.26 (0.62–2.54) | 0.527 | |
| 0–30 h per week | 1.79 (0.85–3.76) | 0.127 | 1.07 (0.63–1.81) | 0.812 | 1.52 (0.78–2.98) | 0.222 | 1.12 (0.60–2.10) | 0.727 | |
| > 30 h per week | REF | REF | REF | REF | |||||
| SBDA User Status | User Status | N = 437 | N = 436 | N = 437 | N = 430 | ||||
| Non-User | REF | REF | REF | REF | |||||
| User | 3.13 (1.71–5.73) | < 0.001 | 1.32 (0.81–2.16) | 0.268 | 2.31 (1.29–4.13) | 0.005 | 1.29 (0.72–2.28) | 0.391 | |
| SBDA Use | Frequency of Use | N = 437 | 0.003 | N = 436 | 0.125 | N = 437 | 0.010 | N = 430 | 0.369 |
| Never | REF | REF | REF | REF | |||||
| Less than once a week | 2.61 (1.04–6.55) | 0.041 | 2.30 (1.23–4.68) | 0.022 | 1.69 (0.65–4.35) | 0.281 | 0.77 (0.26–2.27) | 0.629 | |
| Once a week or more | 2.94 (1.35–6.44) | 0.007 | 0.87 (0.42–1.83) | 0.717 | 1.79 (0.80–4.12) | 0.158 | 1.60 (0.76–3.35) | 0.212 | |
| Daily | 3.79 (1.54–9.30) | 0.004 | 1.06 (0.44–2.56) | 0.892 | 3.98 (1.73–9.14) | 0.001 | 1.74 (0.71–4.25) | 0.228 | |
| Duration of Use | N = 436 | 0.001 | N = 435 | 0.544 | N = 436 | 0.006 | N = 429 | 0.510 | |
| Never | REF | REF | REF | REF | |||||
| ≤ 12 months | 2.60 (1.20–5.66) | 0.016 | 1.20 (0.62–2.31) | 0.595 | 1.59 (0.71–3.55) | 0.256 | 1.26 (0.59–2.69) | 0.545 | |
| More than a year | 3.55 (1.74–7.25) | 0.001 | 1.39 (0.75–2.59) | 0.292 | 3.00 (1.52–5.91) | 0.002 | 1.49 (0.73–3.03) | 0.273 | |
| Number of people met face-to-face | N = 232 | 0.340 | N = 231 | 0.628 | N = 232 | 0.246 | N = 229 | 0.129 | |
| 0 | REF | REF | REF | REF | |||||
| 1–2 | 2.23 (0.66–7.56) | 0.199 | 1.74 (0.73–4.15) | 0.216 | 2.77 (0.84–9.18) | 0.095 | 3.36 (1.04–10.93) | 0.044 | |
| 3–5 | 2.13 (0.60–7.56) | 0.242 | 1.47 (0.59–3.69) | 0.412 | 2.45 (0.71–8.51) | 0.158 | 2.23 (0.63–7.91) | 0.216 | |
| > 5 | 3.06 (0.92–10.16) | 0.067 | 1.66 (0.68–4.04) | 0.264 | 3.39 (1.03–11.14) | 0.044 | 3.81 (1.17–12.44) | 0.027 | |
| Number of serious relationships | N = 232 | N = 231 | N = 232 | N = 229 | |||||
| None | REF | REF | REF | REF | |||||
| One or more | 1.12 (0.54–2.36) | 0.758 | 1.06 (0.58–1.94) | 0.848 | 1.34 (0.67–2.71) | 0.412 | 1.33 (0.67–2.65) | 0.418 | |
| Self-reported impact on self esteem | N = 232 | 0.391 | N = 231 | 0.864 | N = 232 | 0.428 | N = 229 | 0.556 | |
| Positive | 1.26 (0.49–3.24) | 0.625 | 1.22 (0.60–2.47) | 0.591 | 1.31 (0.54–3.19) | 0.555 | 0.85 (0.36–1.96) | 0.697 | |
| No impact | REF | REF | REF | REF | |||||
| Negative | 1.90 (0.73–4.92) | 0.188 | 1.10 (0.51–2.40) | 0.806 | 1.82 (0.73–4.54) | 0.199 | 1.33 (0.56–3.13) | 0.518 |
a OR Odds ratio, REF reference category
p value for a significant result