Table II.

Obesity subtypes and associated biomarkers

Obesity subgroup	Study description	Associated or expressed chemical, proteins, cells and index	Related genes
MHO	A cross-sectional sample of 2047 men and women aged 45-74 years15	Decreased circulating levels of complement C3, hsCRP, TNF-α, IL-6, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and increased adiponectin11	-
MAO	A cross-sectional analysis of 7765 with 3135 overweigh andobese individuals16. A total of 503 individuals with abdominal obesity without cardiovascular diseases were selected17.	Increase uric acid and visceral adiposity18	T45T adiponectin genotype is associated with increase of metabolic disorders14
MONW	3015 individuals with abnormal metabolic phenotype in normal-weight adults in a cross-sectional study19. 1244 individuals in a cross-sectional study included20. 17029 non-diabetic individuals in a cross-sectional study21. 854 individuals non-obese.	Increase in body fat per cent, uric acid and alanine transaminase, decrease in skeletal muscle per cent, and body water per cent13. Increase in hsCRP, uic acid, cystatin C and leukocytes18. Increase in the production of triglycerides and glucose (TyG index)13.	Two disparate haplotypes of common FTO gene variants: TCGA and CTAT17
SO	844 individuals in a cross-sectional study22. 3763 in a study cohort23.	Increased hsCRP in serum24	PTPRD, CDK14, and IMMP2L14

hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; TNF-α, tumour necrosis factor alpha; IL-6, interleukin 6; SO, sarcopenic obese; PTPRD, protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type D; CDK14, cyclin dependent kinase 14; IMMP2L, inner mitochondrial membrane peptidase subunit 2