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. 2020 Mar 4;10:3983. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-60553-x

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Proportion of (mean + SD) of individual gravel pieces where kelp had attached to the underlying rock, the surrounding turf algae, or remained attached only to the green gravel, 4 months after they were placed in cleared (bare rock) or untouched (turf-covered rock) plots (A). Growth (mean ± SD) of kelp on green gravel in cleared (bare rock) and untouched (turf-covered rock) plots across study sites (B).