Table 1.

Millennium Development Goals (MDG) and Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) water service levels, as defined by WHO and UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP), and examples of associated water source types^14,64.

SDG	MDG	Service level definition	Acceptable water source types	Study water source categories
Safely Managed	Improved	Drinking water from an improved water source which is located on premises, available when needed and free from faecal and priority chemical contamination.	Piped water into dwelling Piped water to yard/plot	N/A
Basic		Drinking water from an improved source, provided collection time is not more than 30 min for a roundtrip including queuing.	Public tap or standpipe Tubewell or borehole Protected dug-well Protected spring Rainwater Delivered water (i.e. tankers/carts)	Hand-pumped boreholes Motorised boreholes Protected wells Springs Water trucking
Limited		Drinking water from an improved source for which collection time exceeds 30 min for a roundtrip including queuing.	Public tap or standpipe Tubewell or borehole Protected dug well Protected spring Rainwater Delivered water (i.e. tankers/carts)	Hand-pumped boreholes Motorised boreholes Protected wells Springs Water trucking
Unimproved	Unimproved	Drinking water from an unprotected dug-well or unprotected spring.	Unprotected dug-well Unprotected springs	Open sources
Surface water		Drinking water directly from a river, dam, lake, pond, stream, canal or irrigation canal.	Untreated surface water sources	Open sources

The relationship between the water source categories used in this study and the MDG and SDG definitions is also shown.