Table 1.
Overview of the particle type used, delivery technology, infection type, antigen and adjuvant used, and induced immune response in some of the presented studies.
| Particle type and/or delivery technology | Infection type/antigen/adjuvant | Induced immune response | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Active particulate delivery | Microneedle (MN) skin pretreatment followed by application of soybean phosphatidylcholine/span 80 elastic vesicles (17) | Hepatitis B/ hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)/Cholera toxin (CT) | - Adjuvanted formulations induced significantly higher titers of anti-HBsAg antibodies (IgG, IgG1a, IgG2a) than formulations without CT after MN pretreatment but significantly lower titers compared to intramuscular (IM) immunization |
| MN loaded with cationic polylactic-co-glycolic acid-poly-l-lysine/poly-γ-glutamic acid (PLGA-PLL/γPGA) nanoparticles (NP) (18) | Ebola/Ebola DNA vaccine (EboDNA) coated onto the NPs/ no adjuvant | - Comparable antigen-specific IgG-levels for IM, MN immunization with NP or after IM injection of naked EboDNA - Significantly higher IgG1 subtype responses for IM immunization with NP and higher responses for MN immunization with NP compared to IM immunization with naked EboDNA - No significant difference in IgG2a levels between IM/MN immunization with NP and IM injection of naked EboDNA - Highest neutralizing antibody activity against Ebola GP-mediated virus entry for MN-mediated TCI with NP in pseudovirion neutralizind assay |
|
| MN loaded with EV-71 Virus-like particles (VLPs) (19) | Hand-foot-and-mouth-disease/Enterovirus 71 (EV71)/no adjuvant | - Comparable levels of IgG for MN and IM immunized mice but significantly higher IgG responses for MN immunization compared to SC injection of EV71-VLPs - Balanced TH1/ TH2 response for IM or MN immunization compared to SC immunization - Significantly higher numbers of IFN-γ - and IL-4-secreting cells after immunization with MNs than after IM or SC injection |
|
| Iontophoresis and OVA-loaded liposomes and silver nanoparticles (NPag) (20) | Model antigen Ovalbumin (OVA)/no adjuvant | - Significantly higher IgG1 and IgG2a levels after second immunization with iontophoresis and OVA-liposomes/NPag compared to the negative group - Comparable IgG1-titers after the second immunization with iontophoresis and OVA-NPag-liposomes and subcutaneous injection (SC) - Iontophoretic treatment with OVA-NPag-liposomes resulted in higher levels of activated T CD4 and B CD 19 cells; in contrast, cytotoxic T CD8 expression was not increased - Iontophoresis alone activated the expression of total B lymphocytes |
|
| Passive particulate delivery | OVA-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (CS-NP) (21) | Model antigen OVA/adjuvant imiquimod | - CS-NPs with the adjuvant revealed comparable levels of anti-OVA IgG titers to SC injection of an OVA solution, - Significantly higher IgG-levels after topical application of OVA-loaded CS-NPs in comparison to topical application of an OVA solution - Higher survival rate of tumor-bearing mice after TCI with antigen gp100-loaded CS-NP in comparison to gp 100 antigen solution |
| Solid in oil dispersions (S/O) carrying MHC-I antigen-binding peptide TRP-2 (22) | Melanoma/MHC-I antigen-binding peptide TRP-2/ resiquimod (R-848) | - Comparable inhibition efficiency of tumor growth for the S/O formulation compared to SC injection of the TRP-2 antigen and to that of administration of pure resiquimod solution - Suggested induction of T-cell responses for S/O-dispersion based on the infiltration of cytotoxic T lymphocytes in tumor tissue - Significant decrease in tumor growth rate in mice vaccinated with S/O containing R-848; three of the five mice in the group had rejected the tumor implantation by day 31 |
|
| Solid nanoemulsion carrying nano-dispersed imiquimod with SIINFEKL (23–25) | Model Antigen SIINFEKL/ Imiquimod and, where appropriate, CD40 ligands | - Enhanced primary CD8+ and CD4+ T-cell responses and tumor protection when vaccinated with the solid nanoemulsion (SN) in comparison to the reference formulation, Aldara® - Co-application of the SN with co-stimulatory ligands such as CD40 ligands, promotes specific T-cell responses in the priming and memory phase, strongly enhancing antitumor protection in mice |