Table 3.

SPECT and MR imaging agents used to study the activity of hepatic transporters.

Imaging agent		Hepatic transporters	Species	Application	Ref
	SPECT
[99mTc]Mebrofenin		OATP1B1/3, MRP2, MRP3	Mice, rats, humans	Mechanistic assessment of hepatic clearance; assessment of the effect of genetic polymorphisms or disease on hepatic transporter activity	[106–112]
[99mTc]PMT		OATP1B1/3, P-gp, MRP2	Rats, rabbits, humans	Probe validation	[116]
[111In]EOB-DTPA		OATPs	Mice	Probe validation	[117]
[99mTc]DTPA-CDCA		OATP1B1/3, MRP2	Mice	Probe validation	[121]
[99mTc]DTPA-CA		OATP1B1/3, MRP2	Mice	Probe validation	[121]
[131I]NP-59		OATP1B1/3, BCRP	Mice	Probe validation	[120]
	MRI
Gadoxetate		OATPs, MRP2	Mice, rats, humans	Mechanistic assessment of hepatic clearance; assessment of the effect of genetic polymorphisms or disease on hepatic transporter activity	[101,102,124–132]
BOPTA		OATPs, MRP2	Perfused rat livers	Mechanistic assessment of hepatic clearance	[133–137]