Table 3.

Associations among factors that shape or are influenced by stigma and Web-based sex seeking among men who have sex with men and transgender women in Tijuana, Mexico.

Stigma measures	Unadjusted odds ratio (95% CI)	Adjusteda odds ratio (95% CI)
Traditional machismob	0.20 (0.11 to 0.36)	0.36 (0.19 to 0.69)
Internalized stigma related to same-sex sexual behavior or gender identity	0.93 (0.91 to 0.96)	0.96 (0.94 to 0.99)
Gay identifyingc	4.11 (2.77 to 6.10)	2.13 (1.36 to 3.33)
Outness about same-sex sexual behavior or gender identity	1.25 (1.15 to 1.35)	1.17 (1.06 to 1.28)
History of discrimination related to same-sex sexual behaviord	1.57 (1.01 to 2.45)	1.83 (1.08 to 3.08)

^aAdjusted models for each stigma measure of interest included the following: gender identity (male vs transgender female in models not restricted to men who have sex with men), age (years), education (less than a high school education vs at least a high school education), monthly income (<Mxn $3000 vs ≥Mxn $3000 ), years of residence in Tijuana (years), and social support (score on the Modified Medical Outcome Study Social Support Survey) [55].

^bRestricted to HIV-negative participants.

^cRestricted to men who have sex with men participants.

^dRestricted to HIV-negative men who have sex with men participants.