Table 1. Clinical characteristics among real-world initiators of GLP-1RA, SGLT2i and DPP-4i in Denmark, 2014–2017.
| GLP-1RA | SGLT2i | DPP-4i | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = 14,671 | Percent (%) | aPR (95% CI) versus DPP-4i § | N = 25,070 | Percent (%) | aPR (95% CI) versus DPP-4i § | N = 34,079 | Percent (%) | ||
| Sex | aPR (95% CI) | ||||||||
| female | 6435 | 44.2 | 1.11 (1.08–1.13) | 9621 | 38.4 | 0.96 (0.94–0.98) | 13628 | 40.0 | 1.00 (ref) |
| male | 8136 | 55.8 | 0.93 (0.91–0.94) | 15449 | 61.6 | 1.03 (1.02–1.04) | 20451 | 60.0 | 1.00 (ref) |
| Age | |||||||||
| 0–29 | 270 | 1.9 | 3.12 (2.60–3.74) | 162 | 0.6 | 1.12 (0.91–1.38) | 198 | 0.6 | 1.00 (ref) |
| 30–59 | 7157 | 49.1 | 1.42 (1.39–1.45) | 11303 | 45.1 | 1.30 (1.28–1.33) | 11788 | 34.6 | 1.00 (ref) |
| 60–69 | 4351 | 29.9 | 1.06 (1.03–1.10) | 8042 | 32.1 | 1.13 (1.11–1.16) | 9611 | 28.2 | 1.00 (ref) |
| 70+ | 2793 | 19.2 | 0.52 (0.50–0.54) | 5563 | 22.2 | 0.61 (0.59–0.62) | 12482 | 36.6 | 1.00 (ref) |
| Median Age (IQR) | 59 | (51–68) | 61 | (53–69) | 66 | (56–74) | 1.00 (ref) | ||
| Region of residence | |||||||||
| Capital Region | 4160 | 28.5 | 0.96 (0.93–0.99) | 7706 | 30.7 | 1.03 (1.00–1.05) | 10215 | 30.0 | 1.00 (ref) |
| Central Denmark Region | 3218 | 22.1 | 0.99 (0.95–1.03) | 5429 | 21.7 | 0.97 (0.94–1.00) | 7549 | 22.2 | 1.00 (ref) |
| North Denmark Region | 1433 | 9.8 | 0.87 (0.82–0.92) | 2428 | 9.7 | 0.85 (0.81–0.90) | 3889 | 11.4 | 1.00 (ref) |
| Region Zealand | 2512 | 17.2 | 1.14 (1.09–1.19) | 4355 | 17.4 | 1.14 (1.10–1.18) | 5211 | 15.3 | 1.00 (ref) |
| Southern Denmark | 3248 | 22.3 | 1.04 (1.00–1.08) | 5152 | 20.6 | 0.97 (0.94–1.00) | 7215 | 21.2 | 1.00 (ref) |
| Diabetes duration | |||||||||
| 0 days | 442 | 3.0 | 0.68 (0.61–0.75) | 248 | 1.0 | 0.22 (0.19–0.25) | 1375 | 4.0 | 1.00 (ref) |
| 0-<2 year | 2025 | 13.9 | 0.56 (0.54–0.59) | 2540 | 10.1 | 0.45 (0.43–0.47) | 6890 | 20.2 | 1.00 (ref) |
| 2-<5 years | 2968 | 20.4 | 0.78 (0.75–0.81) | 4183 | 16.7 | 0.68 (0.65–0.70) | 7845 | 23.0 | 1.00 (ref) |
| 5-<10 years | 4731 | 32.5 | 1.11 (1.08–1.15) | 8741 | 34.9 | 1.20 (1.17–1.23) | 9963 | 29.2 | 1.00 (ref) |
| 10+ years | 4405 | 30.2 | 1.59 (1.55–1.64) | 9358 | 37.3 | 1.87 (1.83–1.92) | 8006 | 23.5 | 1.00 (ref) |
| Median T2D duration | 6.7 | (3.3–11.2) | 8.0 | (4.6–12) | 5.4 | (2.1–9.6) | 1.00 (ref) | ||
| ASCVD | 4085 | 28.0 | 1.13 (1.10–1.16) | 7241 | 28.9 | 1.09 (1.06–1.12) | 10370 | 30.4 | 1.00 (ref) |
| Myocardial Infarction | 2989 | 20.5 | 1.17 (1.12–1.21) | 5328 | 21.3 | 1.13 (1.09–1.16) | 7425 | 21.8 | 1.00 (ref) |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 1110 | 7.6 | 0.94 (0.88–1.00) | 1971 | 7.9 | 0.90 (0.86–0.95) | 3590 | 10.5 | 1.00 (ref) |
| Abdominal and peripheral vascular disease | 1245 | 8.5 | 1.30 (1.22–1.39) | 2173 | 8.7 | 1.23 (1.17–1.30) | 2841 | 8.3 | 1.00 (ref) |
| Diabetic retinopathy | 2640 | 18.1 | 1.20 (1.15–1.25) | 5190 | 20.7 | 1.29 (1.25–1.33) | 6848 | 20.1 | 1.00 (ref) |
| Diabetic nephropathy | 1097 | 7.5 | 1.00 (0.94–1.07) | 1548 | 6.2 | 0.77 (0.73–0.82) | 3151 | 9.2 | 1.00 (ref) |
| Diabetic neuropathy | 1060 | 7.3 | 1.60 (1.49–1.72) | 2058 | 8.2 | 1.70 (1.60–1.81) | 1881 | 5.5 | 1.00 (ref) |
| Comorbidity level † | |||||||||
| 0 | 9024 | 61.9 | 1.00 (0.98–1.01) | 15909 | 63.5 | 1.06 (1.05–1.07) | 19272 | 56.6 | 1.00 (ref) |
| 1 | 2804 | 19.2 | 1.12 (1.07–1.16) | 4802 | 19.2 | 1.09 (1.05–1.12) | 6263 | 18.4 | 1.00 (ref) |
| 2 | 1603 | 11.0 | 1.08 (1.02–1.14) | 2609 | 10.4 | 0.97 (0.92–1.01) | 4318 | 12.7 | 1.00 (ref) |
| >=3 | 1140 | 7.8 | 0.90 (0.85–0.96) | 1750 | 7.0 | 0.74 (0.70–0.78) | 4226 | 12.4 | 1.00 (ref) |
| Chronic heart failure | 914 | 6.3 | 1.06 (0.99–1.14) | 1466 | 5.8 | 0.90 (0.85–0.96) | 2768 | 8.1 | 1.00 (ref) |
| Atrial fibrillation | 1113 | 7.6 | 1.09 (1.02–1.16) | 1830 | 7.3 | 0.94 (0.89–0.99) | 3746 | 11.0 | 1.00 (ref) |
| Hypertension | 6044 | 41.5 | 1.24 (1.21–1.27) | 10313 | 41.1 | 1.19 (1.16–1.21) | 13385 | 39.3 | 1.00 (ref) |
| COPD | 1511 | 10.4 | 1.10 (1.03–1.16) | 2242 | 8.9 | 0.93 (0.88–0.98) | 3551 | 10.4 | 1.00 (ref) |
| Cancer | 1208 | 8.3 | 1.01 (0.95–1.07) | 2083 | 8.3 | 0.94 (0.89–0.99) | 3964 | 11.6 | 1.00 (ref) |
| Renal Disease | 832 | 5.7 | 0.94 (0.87–1.02) | 1305 | 5.2 | 0.84 (0.78–0.89) | 2176 | 6.4 | 1.00 (ref) |
| Rheumatic disease | 518 | 3.6 | 1.09 (0.98–1.20) | 728 | 2.9 | 0.88 (0.81–0.97) | 1260 | 3.7 | 1.00 (ref) |
| Osteoarthritis | 2835 | 19.5 | 1.26 (1.21–1.31) | 4643 | 18.5 | 1.15 (1.11–1.19) | 6435 | 18.9 | 1.00 (ref) |
| Osteoporosis/fracture | 203 | 1.4 | 0.82 (0.70–0.95) | 332 | 1.3 | 0.72 (0.64–0.82) | 916 | 2.7 | 1.00 (ref) |
| History of infections requiring hospitalization | 5378 | 36.9 | 1.06 (1.03–1.08) | 8299 | 33.1 | 0.94 (0.92–0.97) | 12116 | 35.6 | 1.00 (ref) |
| Obesity | 4468 | 30.7 | 1.60 (1.55–1.66) | 6365 | 25.4 | 1.45 (1.40–1.49) | 5653 | 16.6 | 1.00 (ref) |
| Alcoholism | 155 | 1.1 | 0.85 (0.70–1.02) | 233 | 0.9 | 0.71 (0.61–0.83) | 444 | 1.3 | 1.00 (ref) |
| Mental Disorders | 7973 | 54.7 | 1.05 (1.03–1.07) | 13096 | 52.2 | 1.01 (1.00–1.03) | 17767 | 52.1 | 1.00 (ref) |
| Previous hypoglycaemia | 163 | 1.1 | 1.10 (0.92–1.31) | 261 | 1.0 | 0.96 (0.83–1.12) | 479 | 1.4 | 1.00 (ref) |
| Trombocyte aggregation prophylaxis | 5091 | 34.9 | 1.18 (1.15–1.21) | 9630 | 38.4 | 1.22 (1.20–1.25) | 12306 | 36.1 | 1.00 (ref) |
| Statins | 10672 | 73.2 | 1.07 (1.05–1.08) | 19212 | 76.6 | 1.10 (1.09–1.11) | 24466 | 71.8 | 1.00 (ref) |
| ACE inhibitors | 5425 | 37.2 | 1.08 (1.05–1.11) | 9529 | 38.0 | 1.07 (1.05–1.10) | 12576 | 36.9 | 1.00 (ref) |
| ATII antagonists | 4907 | 33.7 | 1.22 (1.19–1.25) | 8781 | 35.0 | 1.24 (1.21–1.27) | 10385 | 30.5 | 1.00 (ref) |
| Any antihypertensive treatment | 11458 | 78.6 | 1.10 (1.09–1.11) | 20024 | 79.9 | 1.09 (1.08–1.10) | 26629 | 78.1 | 1.00 (ref) |
| Oral steriods | 909 | 6.2 | 0.94 (0.88–1.01) | 1376 | 5.5 | 0.80 (0.75–0.85) | 2713 | 8.0 | 1.00 (ref) |
| Marital status | |||||||||
| Divorced | 2519 | 17.3 | 1.08 (1.04–1.13) | 4214 | 16.8 | 1.06 (1.03–1.10) | 5461 | 16.0 | 1.00 (ref) |
| Married | 8019 | 55.0 | 1.01 (0.99–1.03) | 14464 | 57.7 | 1.03 (0.98–1.08) | 19011 | 55.8 | 1.00 (ref) |
| Unknown | 178 | 1.2 | 0.83 (0.70–0.99) | 197 | 0.8 | 1.06 (1.02–1.10) | 422 | 1.2 | 1.00 (ref) |
| Unmarried | 2738 | 18.8 | 1.06 (1.01–1.10) | 4196 | 16.7 | 1.04 (1.03–1.06) | 4604 | 13.5 | 1.00 (ref) |
| Widowed | 1117 | 7.7 | 1.08 (1.01–1.14) | 1999 | 8.0 | 0.57 (0.48–0.67) | 4581 | 13.4 | 1.00 (ref) |
| Median baseline % HbA1c (IQR) ‡ | 8.4 | (7.5–9.5) | 8.3 | (7.5–9.4) | 7.8 | (7.2–8.8) | |||
| Median baseline eGFR ml/min/1.73m2 (IQR) ‡ | 87 | (62–100) | 89 | (73–106) | 82 | (62–100) | |||
| Median baseline LDL mmol/L (IQR) ‡ | 2.0 | (1.5–2.6) | 1.9 | (1.6–2.5) | 2.0 | (1.6–2.7) | |||
† Charlson Comorbity level calculated as a total score of 0, 1, 2 or 3 and more.
‡ Numbers based on the North and Central Denmark Regions (~30% of total Danish population) where laboratory data were available.
§ Adjusted for differences in age and sex.