Table 3. Univariable and multivariable association of risk factors with prevalent CKD.
| Unadjusted Prevalence Ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted Prevalence Ratio♦ (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|
| Region | ||
| Eastern Uganda | 3.33 (2.29–4.86) | 3.88 (2.56–5.89) |
| South West Uganda | 1.03 (0.53–1.98) | 1.16 (0.48–2.79) |
| Western Kenya | Reference | Reference |
| Female | 1.25 (0.86–1.81) | 0.98 (0.64–1.51) |
| Age (Years) | ||
| 18–29 | Reference | Reference |
| 30–44 | 1.03 (0.58–1.83) | 1.15 (0.63–2.11) |
| 45–59 | 2.05 (1.15–3.63) | 1.92 (1.05–3.54) |
| ≥ 60 | 3.66 (2.12–6.32) | 3.52 (1.89–6.54) |
| Education level | ||
| No formal education | 2.38 (1.28–4.45) | 1.24 (0.52–2.95) |
| Primary school | 1.12 (0.62–2.02) | 1.11s (0.51–2.42) |
| Secondary school and beyond | Reference | Reference |
| Wealth Index | ||
| 1st quintile (Least Wealth) | Reference | Reference |
| 2nd quintile (Less Wealth) | 1.02 (0.62–1.68) | 1.08 (0.67–1.73) |
| 3rd quintile (Middle Wealth) | 0.71 (0.42–1.20) | 0.69 (0.41–1.16) |
| 4th quintile (More Wealth) | 0.91 (0.52–1.59) | 0.90 (0.52–1.56) |
| 5th quintile (Most Wealth) | 0.94 (0.55–1.62) | 1.10 (0.59–2.06) |
| Farmer | 1.41 (0.94–2.13) | 0.87 (0.53–1.44) |
| Smoking status | ||
| Current smoker | 1.20 (0.59–2.44) | 1.32 (0.67–2.60) |
| Past smoker | 1.79 (1.07–2.98) | 1.68 (0.93–3.05) |
| Any alcohol use | 0.82 (0.47–1.43) | 0.64 (0.34–1.18) |
| HIV Positive | 1.05 (0.79–1.39) | 1.58 (1.11–2.24) |
| Diabetes | 1.78 (0.85–3.72) | 0.86 (0.35–2.11) |
| Hypertension | 1.68 (1.17–2.41) | 1.05 (0.74–1.50) |
| Any NSAIDs use | 0.70 (0.49–1.00) | 0.83 (0.57–1.22) |
| Any traditional medicine use | 0.92 (0.61–1.39) | 0.96 (0.62–1.51) |
♦Multivariable model included region, demographics, wealth index, farming occupation, history of diabetes, hypertension, HIV, use of NSAIDs and traditional herbal medicines
CKD: Chronic kidney disease. NSAID: nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs