Table 1. Participant characteristics at baseline.
Statin users (n=65,032) | Statin non-users (n=86,273) | p1 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) or n (%) | ||||
Age, years | 70.3 (8.5) | 69.2 (10.8) | <0.001 | |
Female | 34,942 (53.7%) | 54,297 (62.9%) | <0.001 | |
BMI (kg/m2)2 | 29.6 (2.4) | 28.5 (5.6) | <0.001 | |
Smoking status3 | ||||
Never | 28,748 (46.5%) | 44,016 (55.7%) | ||
Former | 26,448 (42.8%) | 26,344 (33.3%) | <0.001 | |
Current | 6,601 (10.7%) | 8,661 (11.0%) | ||
Alcohol intake4 | ||||
Non-drinker | 12,391 (19.8%) | 14,657 (18.9%) | ||
Current drinker | 48,394 (77.3%) | 61,347 (79.0%) | <0.001 | |
Ex-drinker | 1,824 (2.9%) | 1,631 (2.1%) | ||
Multiple index of deprivation, decile | 5.6 (2.9) | 5.5 (2.9) | <0.0001 | |
Comorbid conditions (diagnosis of / history of) | ||||
Osteoarthritis | 44,577 (68.6%) | 55,285 (64.1%) | <0.001 | |
Asthma | 7,830 (12.0%) | 9,683 (11.2%) | <0.001 | |
Malabsorptive syndromes | 5,525 (8.5%) | 6,568 (7.6%) | <0.001 | |
Hypertension | 37,336 (57.4%) | 29,352 (34.0%) | <0.001 | |
Hyperlipidaemia | 15,389 (23.7%) | 4,247 (4.9%) | <0.001 | |
Ischaemic heart disease | 13,411 (20.6%) | 3,817 (4.4%) | <0.001 | |
Stroke | 5,207 (8.0%) | 2,124 (2.5%) | <0.001 | |
Myocardial infarction | 5,590 (8.6%) | 1,161 (1.4%) | <0.001 | |
Congestive heart failure | 1,984 (3.1%) | 1,663 (1.9%) | <0.001 | |
Malignancy | 451 (0.7%) | 631 (0.7%) | 0.39 | |
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 2,559 (3.9%) | 2,539 (2.9%) | <0.001 | |
Kidney failure | 39 (0.06%) | 22 (0.03%) | <0.001 | |
Cerebrovascular disease | 4,512 (6.9%) | 2,123 (2.5%) | <0.001 | |
Peripheral vascular disease | 1,796 (2.8%) | 756 (0.88%) | <0.001 | |
Dementia | 296 (0.46%) | 458 (0.53%) | 0.04 | |
Neoplasm | 5,336 (8.2%) | 7,034 (8.2%) | 0.72 | |
Diabetes | 10,957 (16.9%) | 2,924 (3.4%) | <0.001 | |
Ulcers | 3,537 (5.4%) | 3,568 (4.1%) | <0.001 | |
Hemiplegia | 134 (0.2%) | 109 (0.1%) | <0.001 | |
Renal disease | 8,285 (12.7%) | 6,032 (7.0%) | <0.001 | |
Inflammatory bowel disease | 86 (0.1%) | 142 (0.2%) | 0.11 | |
Medication | ||||
Proton pump inhibitors | 30,594 (47.0%) | 34,487 (40.0%) | <0.001 | |
Antiarrhythmics | 44,502 (68.4%) | 40,828 (47.3%) | <0.001 | |
Anticonvulsants | 5,802 (8.9%) | 6,665 (7.7%) | <0.001 | |
Antidepressants | 19,226 (29.6%) | 23,247 (27.0%) | <0.001 | |
Anti-parkinson drugs | 1,020 (1.6%) | 1,410 (1.6%) | 0.31 | |
Thiazide diuretics | 28,528 (43.9%) | 25,205 (29.2%) | <0.001 | |
Anxiolytics | 1,273 (2.0%) | 1,420 (1.7%) | <0.001 | |
Platelet inhibitors | 14,196 (21.8%) | 7,435 (8.6%) | <0.001 | |
Warfarin | 4,765 (7.3%) | 3,870 (4.5%) | <0.001 | |
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors | 13,607 (20.9%) | 9,180 (10.6%) | <0.001 | |
Beta blockers | 29,026 (44.6%) | 21,691 (25.1%) | <0.001 | |
Calcium channel blockers | 27,131 (41.7%) | 19,300 (22.4%) | <0.001 | |
Loop diuretics | 13,748 (21.1%) | 12,688 (14.7%) | <0.001 | |
Nonstatin lipid lowering drugs | 4,148 (6.4%) | 1,962 (2.3%) | <0.001 | |
Corticosteroids | 26,203 (40.3%) | 30,778 (35.7%) | <0.001 | |
Oral antidiabetic drugs | 1,691 (2.6%) | 381 (0.44) | <0.001 | |
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs | 55,429 (85.2) | 71,298 (82.6%) | <0.001 | |
Hormone replacement therapy | 11,613 (17.9%) | 16,488 (19.1%) | <0.001 | |
Bisphosphonates | 4,437 (6.8%) | 5,942 (6.9%) | 0.62 | |
Calcium / vitamin D | 6,746 (10.4%) | 8,647 (10.0%) | 0.03 | |
Selective oestrogen receptor modulators | 1,219 (1.9%) | 2,067 (2.4%) | <0.001 |
SD: standard deviation, BMI: body mass index
p-value from a t-test for continuous variables and a chi-square test for categorical variables
Data on BMI available for 72,432 study participants
Data for smoking status available for 140,785 participants
Data on alcohol intake available for 140,244 participants