Table 3.
Clinical characteristics of infants with pneumonia categorized by successful pulse oximetry measurement and clinical setting
| Variable | Hospitals (n = 1,618) | Health centers (n = 235) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Successful, n (%) | Unsuccessful, n (%) | P | Successful, n (%) | Unsuccessful, n (%) | P | |
| Peripheral capillary oxyhemoglobin saturation measurement | 1,491 (92.2) | 127 (7.8) | – | 206 (87.7) | 29 (12.3) | – |
| Male | 855 (57.3, 54.8–59.8) | 63 (49.6, 41.0–58.3) | 0.31 | 103 (50.0, 43.2–56.8) | 10 (34.5, 19.4–53.5) | 0.07 |
| Female | 603 (40.4, 38.0–43.0) | 54 (42.5, 34.2–51.3) | 87 (42.2, 35.6–49.1) | 18 (62.1, 43.2–77.9) | ||
| Missing | 33 (2.2) | 10 (7.9) | 16 (7.8) | 1 (3.5) | ||
| Weight in kg, mean (SD) | 4.4 (1.7) | 4.3 (1.3) | 0.80 | 4.6 (1.5) | 3.9 (0.9) | 0.03 |
| Missing | 33 (2.2) | 36 (28.4) | 6 (2.9) | 6 (20.7) | ||
| Respiratory rate, median (interquartile range) | 64 (59–68) | 65 (59–71) | 0.61 | 63 (60–67) | 64 (62–67) | 0.65 |
| Missing | 39 (2.6) | 71 (55.9) | 8 (3.9) | 8 (27.6) | ||
| Heart rate ≥ 190 | 89 (6.0, 4.9–7.3) | 0 | 0.16 | 2 (1.0, 0.2–3.8) | 0 | 0.66 |
| Heart rate < 110 | 67 (4.5, 3.6–5.7) | 2 (1.6, 0.4–6.1) | 96 (46.6, 39.8–53.5) | 1 (3.5, 0.5–21.6) | ||
| Missing | 24 (1.6) | 113 (89.0) | 1 (0.5) | 25 (86.2) | ||
| Fever | 488 (32.7, 30.4–35.2) | 33 (26.0, 19.1–34.3) | 0.02 | 84 (40.8, 34.2–47.7) | 9 (31.3, 16.8–50.2) | 0.29 |
| Hypothermia | 29 (2.0, 1.4–2.8) | 4 (3.2, 1.2–8.1) | 5 (2.4, 1.0–5.7) | 2 (6.9, 1.7–24.4) | ||
| Missing | 26 (1.7) | 50 (39.4) | 12 (5.8) | 6 (20.7) | ||
| WHO danger signs* | 335 (22.5, 20.4–24.7) | 42 (33.1, 25.4–41.7) | < 0.001 | 50 (24.3, 18.9–30.6) | 13 (44.8, 27.8–63.2) | 0.02 |
| Missing | 163 (10.9) | 33 (26.0) | 9 (4.4) | 1 (3.5) | ||
| Severe respiratory distress† | 1,015 (68.1, 65.7–70.4) | 81 (63.8, 55.0–71.7) | 0.68 | 113 (54.9, 48.0–61.6) | 20 (69.0, 49.8–83.2) | 0.23 |
| Missing | 117 (7.8) | 20 (15.8) | 8 (3.9) | 0 | ||
| Chest wall indrawing | 1,349 (90.5, 88.9–91.9) | 122 (96.1, 90.9–98.4) | 0.40 | 142 (68.9, 62.2–74.9) | 23 (79.3, 60.5–90.6) | 0.37 |
| Missing | 66 (4.4) | 1 (0.8) | 7 (3.4) | 0 | ||
| 2014 integrated management of childhood illness referral eligible‡ | 1,486 (99.7) | 127 (100.0) | 1.00 | 203 (98.5) | 28 (96.6) | 0.77 |
| Missing | 5 (0.3) | 0 | 3 (1.5) | 1 (3.5) | ||
* WHO danger signs: central cyanosis, stridor in a calm child, a general danger sign (inability to drink and/or breastfeed, lethargy or unconscious, and convulsions), apnea.
† Severe respiratory distress: grunting, head nodding, and nasal flaring.
‡ WHO Integrated Management of Childhood Illness guidelines.