Table 2.
Factors associated with vitamin D deficiency
| Independent variable | Groups | P | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Vitamin D deficiency n = 1,015 (14.7%) | Vitamin D sufficiency n = 5,881 (85.3%) | ||
| Age (months) | < 0.001 | ||
| 6～, n (%) | 675 (24.4) | 2091 (75.6) | |
| 12～, n (%) | 235 (8.4) | 2577 (91.6) | |
| 24～36, n (%) | 105 (8.0) | 1,213 (92.0) | |
| Gender, n (%) | 0.355 | ||
| Male | 586 (15.1) | 3,301 (84.9) | |
| Female | 429 (14.3) | 2580 (85.7) | |
| Anemia*, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||
| Yes | 335 (22.3) | 1,170 (77.7) | |
| No | 680 (12.5) | 4,771 (87.5) | |
| Zinc deficiency†, n (%) | 0.044 | ||
| Yes | 80 (18.1) | 363 (81.9) | |
| No | 935 (14.5) | 5,518 (85.5) | |
| Iron deficiency‡, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||
| Yes | 181 (18.5) | 798 (81.5) | |
| No | 834 (14.2) | 5,038 (85.8) | |
| Magnesium deficiency§, n (%) | 0.228 | ||
| Yes | 1 (10.0) | 9 (90.0） | |
| No | 1,014 (14.7) | 5,872 (85.3) | |
| H. pylori-Ab | < 0.001 | ||
| H. pylori-Ab (+) | 437 (20.7) | 1,676 (79.3) | |
| H. pylori-Ab (−) | 578 (12.1) | 4,205 (87.9) | |
| Weight (kg) | 8.8 (8.0, 9.9) | 10.1 (8.8, 11.6) | < 0.001 |
| Height (cm) | 70.0 (67.3, 79.0) | 77.0 (71.0, 85.0) | < 0.001 |
| Height-for-age Z score | 0.1 (−0.7.0.7) | 0.1 (−0.6, 0.8) | < 0.001 |
| Weight-for-age Z score | 0.2 (−0.4. 0.9) | 0.5 (−0.2, 1.1) | < 0.001 |
| Place of residence (urban, 111 [12.7]; rural 761 [87.3]) | < 0.001 | ||
| Urban, n (%) | 861 (15.7) | 4,620 (84.3) | |
| Rural, n (%) | 154 (10.9) | 1,261 (89.1) | |
H. pylori-Ab = Helicobacter pylori antibody.
* Anemia was defined according to Geneva, Switzerland 2011 guideline.15
†‡§ Zinc deficiency, iron deficiency, and magnesium deficiency were defined according to product specifications of corresponding kit.