Table 2:

Hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals of the association between statin use and risk of prostate cancer subgroups defined by tumor characteristics in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study, 1990–2014

	Cases, n	HRa (95% CI)	HRb (95% CI)
All cases	6,305
Current statin use
Never/past	4,807	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)
Current	1,498	1.10 (1.03–1.17)	1.00 (0.93–1.08)
Ever statin use
Never	4,515	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)
Ever	1,790	1.08 (1.01–1.14)	0.99 (0.92–1.06)
Duration of statin use
Never	4,515	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)
<5 years	914	1.09 (1.01–1.17)	1.02 (0.94–1.10)
≥5 years	876	1.06 (0.98–1.15)	0.95 (0.87–1.04)
Per year of statin use	6,305	1.01 (1.00–1.02)	1.00 (0.99–1.01)
Localized casesc	4,783
Current statin use
Never/past	3,572	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)
Current	1,211	1.14 (1.07–1.23)	1.01 (0.93–1.09)
Ever statin use
Never	3,350	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)
Ever	1,433	1.11 (1.03–1.18)	0.99 (0.91–1.07)
Duration of statin use
Never	3,350	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)
<5 years	725	1.12 (1.03–1.21)	1.02 (0.93–1.12)
≥5 years	708	1.10 (1.00–1.20)	0.94 (0.85–1.04)
Per year of statin use	4,783	1.01 (1.00–1.02)	1.00 (0.99–1.01)
Advanced casesd	485
Current statin use
Never/past	409	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)
Current	76	0.87 (0.67–1.13)	0.98 (0.73–1.31)
Ever statin use
Never	388	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)
Ever	97	0.92 (0.72–1.17)	1.06 (0.80–1.41)
Duration of statin use
Never	388	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)
<5 years	62	1.08 (0.82–1.43)	1.24 (0.91–1.68)
≥5 years	35	0.69 (0.47–1.00)	0.80 (0.53–1.20)
Per year of statin use	485	0.97 (0.93–1.00)	0.98 (0.94–1.02)
Low grade casese	3,918
Current statin use
Never/past	2,948	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)
Current	970	1.14 (1.05–1.23)	1.00 (0.91–1.09)
Ever statin use
Never	2,775	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)
Ever	1,143	1.10 (1.02–1.18)	0.97 (0.89–1.05)
Duration of statin use
Never	2,775	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)
<5 years	577	1.08 (0.99–1.19)	0.99 (0.89–1.09)
≥5 years	566	1.11 (1.01–1.23)	0.94 (0.84–1.05)
Per year of statin use	3,918	1.01 (1.00–1.02)	1.00 (0.99–1.01)
High grade casesf	1,421
Current statin use
Never/past	1,064	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)
Current	357	1.07 (0.94–1.22)	1.01 (0.87–1.16)
Ever statin use
Never	989	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)
Ever	432	1.06 (0.99–1.02)	1.02 (0.88–1.17)
Duration of statin use
Never	989	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)
<5 years	221	1.13 (0.97–1.31)	1.08 (0.92–1.28)
≥5 years	211	0.99 (0.84–1.17)	0.94 (0.78–1.12)
Per year of statin use	1,421	1.00 (0.99–1.02)	1.00 (0.98–1.01)
Lethal casesg	801
Current statin use
Never/past	695	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)
Current	106	0.71 (0.57–0.88)	0.76 (0.60–0.96)
Ever statin use
Never	662	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)
Ever	139	0.76 (0.63–0.93)	0.83 (0.66–1.04)
Duration of statin use
Never	662	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)
<5 years	88	0.90 (0.71–1.13)	0.96 (0.75–1.23)
≥5 years	51	0.59 (0.43–0.80)	0.65 (0.47–0.90)
Per year of statin use	801	0.95 (0.92–0.98)	0.96 (0.93–0.99)

^aadjusted for age and calendar time

^badjusted for age, calendar time, race (white, African American, Asian American, other), family history of prostate cancer in father/brother (yes, no), height (≤68, >68–70, >70–72, >72 inches), body mass index (BMI) at age 21 (<20, 20–<22.5, 22.5–<25, ≥25 kg/m²), current BMI (<21, 21–<25, 25–<30, ≥30 kg/m²), smoking (never, former/quit >10 years, former/quit ≤10 years, current), history of high cholesterol (yes, no), history of hypertension (yes, no), history of diabetes (yes, no), PSA testing in the two years prior to the questionnaire date (yes, no, lagged by one period to avoid counting diagnostic PSA tests), PSA testing in >50% of possible time periods (yes, no, lagged by one period to avoid counting diagnostic PSA tests), aspirin use (yes, no), physical activity (quintiles of metabolic equivalent hours/week), and total calories (quintiles of kcal/day)

^cLocalized cases defined as stage T1a – T2b and N0, M0 at diagnosis

^dAdvanced cases defined as stage T3b – T4, N1, or M1 at diagnosis

^eLow grade cases defined as ≤Gleason 3+4 at diagnosis

^fHigh grade defined as ≥Gleason 4+3 at diagnosis

^gLethal cases defined as M1 at diagnosis or distant metastasis / fatal during follow up