Table 2.
Hazard models of dropping out of school for 2714 children. Three level (neighborhood, household, individual) discrete time hazard models estimated with logistic regression.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parental Marriage | |||||
| Positive emotional bond/”love” (3=love very much, 2=love some, 1=love a little/not at all) | 0.53*** | 0.69* | 0.71* | ||
| (−3.24) | (−2.16) | (−1.99) | |||
| Spousal violence (either parent reported being beaten by spouse) | 2.66*** | 1.47* | 1.42* | ||
| (4.43) | (2.10) | (1.92) | |||
| Controls | |||||
| Ethnicity (reference group: Chhetri-Bahun) | |||||
| Dalit | 4.88*** | 4.56*** | 4.59*** | ||
| (6.07) | (5.80) | (5.84) | |||
| Newar | 0.85 | 0.78 | 0.81 | ||
| (−0.35) | (−0.53) | (−0.46) | |||
| Hill Janajati | 2.21** | 2.15** | 2.16** | ||
| (3.03) | (2.93) | (2.96) | |||
| Terai Janajati | 2.42*** | 2.45*** | 2.39*** | ||
| (3.59) | (3.65) | (3.57) | |||
| Parents’ non-family experiences before marriage (2, 1, no parents experienced before marriage) | |||||
| Went to school | 0.54*** | 0.54*** | 0.54*** | ||
| (−4.76) | (−4.75) | (−4.71) | |||
| Non-family living | 0.82 | 0.80 | 0.82 | ||
| (−1.09) | (−1.24) | (−1.09) | |||
| Characteristics of parental marriage formation | |||||
| Parents’ had arranged marriage (1=parents, 5=self; mean of both parents’ responses) | 1.09 | 1.10 | 1.09 | ||
| (1.53) | (1.58) | (1.47) | |||
| Parents’ age at marriage (mean of both parents’ responses) | 0.97 | 0.98 | 0.98 | ||
| (−0.84) | (−0.59) | (−0.75) | |||
| Year parents married | 1.03* | 1.03* | 1.03* | ||
| (1.80) | (1.79) | (1.82) | |||
| Household structure in 1996 | |||||
| Number of grandparents in the household | 0.84 | 0.86 | 0.85 | ||
| (−1.38) | (−1.21) | (−1.29) | |||
| Number of children in the household | 1.16** | 1.16** | 1.16** | ||
| (2.77) | (2.79) | (2.73) | |||
| Number of siblings who died | 0.94 | 0.94 | 0.94 | ||
| (−0.57) | (−0.56) | (−0.55) | |||
| Household wealth in 1996 | |||||
| Household owns land house is on | 0.72 | 0.71 | 0.70 | ||
| (−1.37) | (−1.47) | (−1.49) | |||
| Number of livestock owned | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.98 | ||
| (−0.83) | (−0.62) | (−0.69) | |||
| Number of consumer durables owned (e.g., radios, TVs, bicycles, plows, etc.) | 0.64*** | 0.64*** | 0.64*** | ||
| (−6.47) | (−6.53) | (−6.41) | |||
| Current (1995) community context | |||||
| Proportion of teachers with degrees at each school (geoweighted logged) | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | ||
| (−1.17) | (−0.92) | (−1.11) | |||
| Female | 1.00 | 1.01 | 1.00 | 1.02 | 1.01 |
| (−0.03) | (0.08) | (−0.03) | (0.12) | (0.08) | |
| Year child was born | 0.93*** | 0.93*** | 0.93*** | 0.93*** | 0.93*** |
| (−3.80) | (−3.20) | (−3.71) | (−3.20) | (−3.24) | |
| Years in school | 1.73** | 1.77** | 1.73** | 1.77** | 1.77** |
| (2.47) | (2.58) | (2.45) | (2.58) | (2.57) | |
| Years in school squared | 0.98 | 0.97 | 0.98 | 0.97 | 0.97 |
| (−0.64) | (−0.96) | (−0.66) | (−1.00) | (−0.96) | |
| Years in school cubed | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| (0.49) | (1.05) | (0.54) | (1.12) | (1.07) | |
| Neighborhood-level random effect estimate | 0.95 | 0.12 | 0.91 | 0.12 | 0.11 |
| standard error | 0.29 | 0.12 | 0.29 | 0.13 | 0.12 |
| Household-level random effect | 2.90 | 1.38 | 2.90 | 1.36 | 1.37 |
| standard error | 0.56 | 0.33 | 0.56 | 0.33 | 0.33 |
Note: Table shows odds multipliers with asymptotic z-ratios in parentheses. All models also include a constant term. N=20618 person-years, 151 neighborhoods, 1133 households.
*
p<0.05
**
p<0.01
***
p<0.001 one-tailed tests