TABLE 1.
Intake of vitamin D and prevalence of vitamin D inadequacy among Canadian supplement users and nonusers in 2004 and 2015 among Canadians across age and sex groups1
| Nonusers—2004 (n = 21,622,372) | Nonusers—2015 (n = 22,714,586) | Users—2004 (n = 8,451,866) | Users—2015 (n = 11,232,024) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age and sex groups | Vitamin D from food, μg/d2 | % below EAR3 | Vitamin D from food, μg/d2 | % below EAR3 | Vitamin D from food, μg/d2 | Vitamin D from food and supplement, μg/d2 | % below EAR3 | Vitamin D from food, μg/d2 | Vitamin D from food and supplement, μg/d2 | % below EAR3 |
| All children | ||||||||||
| 1–8 y4 | 4.7 ± 0.1 | 95.7 ± 0.7 | 4.1 ± 0.2 | 99.0 ± 0.4† | 4.9 ± 0.2 | 13.4 ± 0.2 | 19.0 ± 1.3 | 5.3 ± 0.3 | 16.7 ± 1.1* | 38.0 ± 3.4† |
| Females | ||||||||||
| 9–13 y | 5.2 ± 0.1 | 93.5 ± 1.0 | 4.5 ± 0.2 | 97.6 ± 0.8† | 5.7 ± 0.3 | 13.5 ± 0.4 | 25.8 ± 3.3 | 5.5 ± 0.3 | 20.8 ± 1.4* | 27.8 ± 3.3 |
| 14–18 y | 5.1 ± 0.1 | 93.5 ± 1.0 | 4.2 ± 0.2* | 97.3 ± 0.9† | 5.5 ± 0.3 | 13.1 ± 0.4 | 29.0 ± 3.4 | 5.5 ± 0.3 | 24.0 ± 1.5* | 21.9 ± 2.6 |
| 19–30 y | 4.7 ± 0.1 | 94.9 ± 0.9 | 3.8 ± 0.2* | 98.3 ± 0.6† | 4.9 ± 0.2 | 13.1 ± 0.4 | 27.1 ± 2.8 | 5.2 ± 0.4 | 27.7 ± 1.7* | 14.2 ± 1.7† |
| 31–50 y | 4.5 ± 0.1 | 95.6 ± 0.9 | 3.6 ± 0.2* | 98.6 ± 0.6 | 4.6 ± 0.2 | 14.9 ± 1.1 | 24.7 ± 2.5 | 4.8 ± 0.3 | 31.3 ± 1.9* | 12.0 ± 1.8† |
| 51–70 y | 4.0 ± 0.1 | 97.2 ± 0.6 | 3.3 ± 0.1 | 98.6 ± 0.5 | 4.3 ± 0.2 | 16.3 ± 0.5 | 20.0 ± 1.7 | 4.4 ± 0.3 | 36.2 ± 2.1* | 8.2 ± 1.4† |
| ≥71 y | 3.6 ± 0.1 | 98.2 ± 0.5 | 2.9 ± 0.2 | 99.2 ± 0.4 | 3.8 ± 0.2 | 15.9 ± 0.5 | 19.8 ± 2.1 | 4.0 ± 0.2 | 41.2 ± 2.5* | 5.4 ± 1.2† |
| Males | ||||||||||
| 9–13 y | 6.3 ± 0.2 | 86.6 ± 1.5 | 5.0 ± 0.2* | 94.6 ± 1.3† | 6.6 ± 0.3 | 14.7 ± 0.4 | 18.6 ± 2.6 | 6.3 ± 0.4 | 19.2 ± 1.3* | 31.6 ± 3.1† |
| 14–18 y | 7.2 ± 0.2 | 80.1 ± 1.8 | 5.5 ± 0.2* | 90.6 ± 1.6† | 7.8 ± 0.5 | 16.7 ± 0.6 | 16.7 ± 2.7 | 7.6 ± 0.5 | 24.5 ± 1.7* | 21.2 ± 2.8 |
| 19–30 y | 6.7 ± 0.2 | 83.6 ± 1.8 | 5.3 ± 0.2* | 92.5 ± 1.6† | 7.5 ± 0.6 | 15.4 ± 0.6 | 19.3 ± 3.7 | 7.7 ± 0.7 | 28.3 ± 2.0* | 13.0 ± 2.4 |
| 31–50 y | 6.0 ± 0.2 | 87.0 ± 1.5 | 4.8 ± 0.2* | 93.8 ± 1.3† | 6.4 ± 0.4 | 15.2 ± 0.5 | 17.5 ± 2.8 | 5.9 ± 0.4 | 31.1 ± 1.9* | 13.4 ± 2.1 |
| 51–70 y | 5.0 ± 0.2 | 93.2 ± 1.1 | 4.2 ± 0.2 | 95.7 ± 1.1 | 5.7 ± 0.3 | 15.8 ± 0.6 | 16.6 ± 2.5 | 5.6 ± 0.4 | 35.6 ± 2.1* | 8.3 ± 1.6† |
| ≥71 y | 4.2 ± 0.1 | 96.2 ± 0.8 | 3.6 ± 0.2 | 98.0 ± 0.7 | 4.8 ± 0.3 | 17.0 ± 0.8 | 14.1 ± 2.7 | 4.7 ± 0.3 | 39.9 ± 2.4* | 6.2 ± 1.2† |
| All participants | 5.2 ± 0.1 | 91.9 ± 1.0 | 4.2 ± 0.2* | 96.5 ± 0.8† | 5.2 ± 0.2 | 15.1 ± 0.3 | 20.6 ± 1.1 | 5.1 ± 0.3 | 31.5 ± 1.8* | 14.1 ± 1.8† |
1
Analysis was conducted separately for 2004 and 2015 data sets (18, 19). EAR, estimated average requirement.
2
Values are presented as mean ± SE.
3
Values are presented as mean of percentages ± SE.
4
Data reported are for collapsed age groups of children 1–3 y and children 4–8 y.
*
Significant differences (P < 0.05) between vitamin D intakes from 2004 to 2015 were tested by CI overlapping technique (22).