TABLE 1.
Baseline characteristics and vitamin D status in early and late pregnancy for all participants and by supplement group1
| Early pregnancy | Late pregnancy | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Supplement group2 | Supplement group2 | ||||||||||
| Full cohort | FeFol | MMN | PE | PE + MMN | P | FeFol | MMN | PE | PE + MMN | P | |
| n | 863 | 214 | 215 | 217 | 217 | 201 | 208 | 195 | 204 | ||
| Age, y | 29.6 ± 6.7 | 29.9 ± 6.5 | 29.3 ± 6.7 | 29.1 ± 6.4 | 30.1 ± 7.0 | NS | — | — | — | — | — |
| Weight, kg | 55.6 ± 9.7 | 55.1 ± 9.0 | 55.5 ± 9.9 | 56.1 ± 9.3 | 55.8 ± 10.7 | NS | — | — | — | — | — |
| Height, cm | 161.8 ± 5.8 | 161.7 ± 6.1 | 162.0 ± 5.7 | 161.9 ± 5.6 | 161.6 ± 5.9 | NS | — | — | — | — | — |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 21.2 ± 3.5 | 21.1 ± 3.2 | 21.1 ± 3.8 | 21.4 ± 3.3 | 21.3 ± 3.6 | NS | — | — | — | — | — |
| MUAC,3 cm | 26.7 ± 3.3 | 26.6 ± 3.1 | 26.7 ± 3.6 | 26.8 ± 3.0 | 26.7 ± 3.4 | NS | — | — | — | — | — |
| Triceps skinfold thickness,3 cm | 14.7 ± 6.4 | 14.9 ± 7.1 | 14.3 ± 6.0 | 14.9 ± 6.2 | 14.8 ± 6.2 | NS | — | — | — | — | — |
| Nulliparous,4n (%) | 71 (8.3) | 17 (8.0) | 21 (9.8) | 19 (8.8) | 14 (6.5) | NS | — | — | — | — | — |
| Parity,5[median (range)] | 4 (0–12) | 4 (0–12) | 4 (0–10) | 4 (0–11) | 4 (0–11) | NS | — | — | — | — | — |
| Weeks of pregnancy6 | 13.7 ± 3.3 | 13.8 ± 3.4 | 13.7 ± 3.3 | 13.7 ± 3.3 | 13.5 ± 3.1 | NS | — | — | — | — | — |
| Plasma 25(OH)D3, nmol/L | 70.2 ± 15.3 | 70.0 ± 15.7 | 71.4 ± 15.4 | 70.5 ± 14.7 | 69.1 ± 15.3 | NS | 81.5 ± 18.2* | 94.9 ± 18.8*a | 87.0 ± 17.2*b | 90.3 ± 20.4*a,b | <0.0001 |
| ∆25(OH)D37 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 10.8 ± 14.0 | 23.4 ± 14.9a | 15.7 ± 14.0 | 21.2 ± 15.6a | <0.0001 |
| 25(OH)D3 <50 nmol/L,8n (%) | 64 (7.4) | 23 (10.7) | 12 (5.6) | 12 (5.5) | 17 (7.8) | NS | 8 (4.0)* | 0 (0.0)* | 3 (1.5)* | 3 (1.5)* | 0.02 |
| 25(OH)D3 ≥125 nmol/L, n (%) | 2 (0.2) | 1 (0.5) | 1 (0.5) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | NS | 3 (1.5) | 16 (7.7)* | 4 (2.1)* | 15 (7.4)* | 0.002 |
Data are means ± SDs unless otherwise indicated. P value is for difference between groups [ANOVA with Scheffé test, chi-square or Kruskal-Wallis H to test for equality of medians (for parity)]. a,b,cLabeled means in a row without a common superscript letter differ, P < 0.05. *Indicates within supplement group significant difference from early pregnancy for continuous variables. FeFol, iron folic acid; MMN, multiple micronutrients; MUAC, midupper arm circumference; PE, protein energy; PE + MMN, protein energy with multiple micronutrients; NS, nonsignificant (P ≥ 0.05); 25(OH)D3, 25-hydroxycholecalciferol.
MMN and PE + MMN supplements include 10 µg/d cholecalciferol.
Observations were not available for all participants, n = 858 (full cohort), n = 212 (FeFol), n = 213 (MMN), n = 216 (PE).
Observations were not available for all participants, n = 859 (full cohort), n = 213 (FeFol), n = 215 (MMN), n = 215 (PE), n = 216 (PE + MMN).
Values are median (range). Observations were not available for all participants, n = 846 (full cohort), n = 210 (FeFol), n = 212 (MMN), n = 213 (PE), n = 211 (PE + MMN).
Observations were not available for all participants, n = 862 (full cohort), n = 213 (FeFol).
Observations were not available for all participants, n = 200 (FeFol), n = 206 (MMN), n = 195 (PE), n = 204 (PE + MMN).
No participants had a 25(OH)D3 concentration <30 nmol/L.