TABLE 4.
Early and late pregnancy plasma vitamin D metabolites by supplement group1
| Early pregnancy | Late pregnancy | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Supplement group2 | Supplement group2 | ||||||||||
| Total cohort | FeFol | MMN | PE | PE + MMN | P | FeFol | MMN | PE | PE + MMN | P | |
| 24,25(OH)2D3 | |||||||||||
| n | 778 | 190 | 199 | 196 | 193 | 196 | 203 | 184 | 194 | ||
| 24,25(OH)2D3, nmol/L§ | 3.3 ± 1.5 | 3.3 ± 1.6 | 3.3 ± 1.5 | 3.1 ± 1.5 | 3.4 ± 1.6 | NS | 4.0 ± 1.6*a | 4.4 ± 1.5*a,b | 4.8 ± 1.4*b,c | 5.0 ± 1.5*c | <0.0001 |
| n (%) below LOQ | 198 (25) | 48 (25) | 45 (23) | 56 (29) | 49 (25) | — | 26 (13) | 14 (7) | 7 (4) | 5 (9) | — |
| ∆24,25(OH)2D3,3 nmol/L | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.9 ± 1.7a | 1.3 ± 1.4a | 1.8 ± 1.6b | 2.0 ± 2.0b | <0.0001 |
| %24,25(OH)2D3:25(OH)D3§ | 4.7 ± 1.4 | 4.7 ± 1.5 | 4.6 ± 1.5 | 4.5 ± 1.5 | 4.9 ± 1.6 | NS | 5.0 ± 1.4a | 4.7 ± 1.3a | 5.5 ± 1.3*b | 5.7 ± 1.4*b | <0.0001 |
| 25(OH)D3:24,25(OH)D2D3 ratio§ | 21.4 ± 1.4 | 21.2 ± 1.5 | 21.6 ± 1.5 | 22.3 ± 1.5 | 20.6 ± 1.6 | NS | 20.0 ± 1.4a | 21.4 ± 1.3a | 18.0 ± 1.3*b | 17.7 ± 1.4*b | <0.0001 |
| 3-epi 25(OH)D3 | |||||||||||
| n | 842 | 207 | 209 | 214 | 212 | — | 201 | 206 | 185 | 199 | — |
| 3-epi 25(OH)D3, nmol/L§ | 4.1 ± 1.4 | 4.1 ± 1.4 | 4.2 ± 1.3 | 4.0 ± 1.4 | 4.0 ± 1.4 | NS | 5.4 ± 1.4*a | 6.3 ± 1.4* | 5.7 ± 1.4*a | 5.7 ± 1.4*a | 0.0001 |
| n (%) below LOQ | 3 (0.4) | 1 (0.5) | 0 (0) | 2 (0.9) | 0 (0) | — | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | — |
| ∆3-epi-25(OH)D3,4 nmol/L | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1.5 ± 2.2a | 2.2 ± 2.2b | 1.8 ± 1.9a,b | 1.8 ± 2.1a,b | 0.007 |
| %3-epi-25(OH)D3:25(OH)D3§ | 6.0 ± 1.3 | 6.0 ± 1.3 | 6.1 ± 1.3 | 5.8 ± 1.3 | 6.0 ± 1.3 | NS | 6.8 ± 1.3* | 6.7 ± 1.3* | 6.7 ± 1.3* | 6.5 ± 1.3* | 0.4 |
| 25(OH)D3:3-epi 25(OH)D3 ratio§ | 16.7 ± 1.3 | 16.6 ± 1.3 | 16.5 ± 1.3 | 17.1 ± 1.3 | 16.6 ± 1.3 | NS | 14.7 ± 1.3* | 14.8 ± 1.3* | 15.0 ± 1.3* | 15.4 ± 1.3* | 0.4 |
Data are means ± SDs or geometric means ± geometric mean SDs§. P value is for differences between groups (ANOVA with Scheffé test). a,b,cLabeled means in a row without a common superscript letter differ, P < 0.05. *Indicates within supplement group significant difference from early pregnancy for continuous variables. FeFol, iron folic acid; LOQ, limit of quantitation; MMN, multiple micronutrients; PE, protein energy; PE + MMN, protein energy with multiple micronutrients; 3-epi-25(OH)D3, C3-epimer-25-hydroxycholecalciferol; 24,25(OH)2D3, 24,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol; 25(OH)D3, 25-hydroxycholecalciferol.
MMN and PE + MMN supplements include 10 µg/d cholecalciferol.
Observations were not available for all participants, n = 195 (FeFol), n = 201 (MMN), n = 184 (PE), n = 193 (PE + MMN) .
Observations were not available for all participants, n = 200 (FeFol), n = 204 (MMN), n = 184 (PE), n = 198 (PE + MMN).