Table 1.

SES categories

SES	The Netherlands	The United Kingdom
Low	Elementary school Few years of more extensive primary education (mulo) Graduated mulo or general secondary education (mavo) Few years of lower technical education (lts) Few years higher general secondary education (havo)/pre-university education (vwo)	No qualifications CSE grade 2–5 or 0-level/GCSE grade D-G
Medium	Graduated havo/vwo Few years intermediate vocational education (mbo) Graduated mbo Few years of higher vocational education (hbo) or university	CSE grade 1 or 0-level/GCSE grade A-C A-level or S-level Higher National Certificates
High	Graduated hbo Graduated university Postgraduate	Higher National Diplomas Undergraduate Postgraduate qualification