Table 1.
Mean concentration (±standard deviation) and ranges of OCPs in water samples from Africa (μg/L).
| Location | Country | ƩHCHs | ƩDDTs | Lindane | ƩChlordane | Endosulfans | Dieldrin | HCBs | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hex River | South Africa | ND-1.79 | McGregor (1999) | ||||||
| Hex River | South Africa | BDL-26.3 | London et al. (2000) | ||||||
| El-Haram, Giza | Egypt | 3.8–290.0 | 20.7–86.2 | El-Kabbany et al. (2000) | |||||
| Akumadan | Ghana | 9.5 ± 5.2 | 124.5 | <100 | Ntow (2001) | ||||
| Lourens River | South Africa | 0.05–2.9 | Schulz (2001b) | ||||||
| Lourens River | South Africa | 0.13 ± 2.9 | Schulz (2001a) | ||||||
| Lourens River | South Africa | 0.03–0.16 | Schulz et al. (2001) | ||||||
| Lourens River | South Africa | 0.20 | Schulz and Peall (2001) | ||||||
| Lourens River | South Africa | ND-0.3 | Dabrowski et al. (2002b) | ||||||
| Lourens River | South Africa | 0.01–0.35 | Dabrowski et al. (2002a) | ||||||
| Lake Victoria | Tanzania | ND - 200 | ND -1600 | Henry and Kishimba (2003) | |||||
| Eastern Cape | South Africa | BDL-0.26 | BDL-0.12 | BDL-0.1 | BDL-0.1 | Fatoki and Awofolu (2003) | |||
| Banjul and Dakar | Senegal and Gambia | <LOQ - 0.120 | <LOQ- 0.231 | ND - 0.026 | ND – 0.0008 | Manirakiza et al. (2003) | |||
| Hex River | South Africa | 0.83 ± 1.0 | Dalvie et al. (2003) | ||||||
| Grabouw dam | South Africa | 3.16 ± 3.5 | Dalvie et al. (2003) | ||||||
| KwaZulu Natal | South Africa | BDL-0.002 | - | Sereda and Meinhardt (2003) | |||||
| Tana and Sabaki | Kenya | 5.2 ± 0.09 | 5.3 ± 0.024 | Lalah et al. (2003) | |||||
| East London | South Africa | 0.0055–0.04 | 0.0206 | 0.018 | 0.0057 | 0.015–0.16 | Fatoki and Awofolu (2004) | ||
| Port Elizabeth River | South Africa | 0.0055–0.06 | 0.0206 | 0.018 | 0.0057 | 0.01–0.07 | Fatoki and Awofolu (2004) | ||
| Buffalo River | South Africa | 0.0055–0.07 | 0.0206 | 0.018 | 0.0057 | 0.01–0.15 | Fatoki and Awofolu (2004) | ||
| Thyume River | South Africa | 0.0055–0.04 | 0.0206 | 0.018 | 0.0055 | 0.0077–0.08 | Fatoki and Awofolu (2004) | ||
| Southern Lake Victoria Basin | Tanzania | BDL-5.7 | BDL-33 | BDL-2.5 | Kishimba et al. (2004) | ||||
| KwaZulu Natal | South Africa | 0.0002–0.161 | Sereda and Meinhardt (2005) | ||||||
| Lake Volta | Ghana | 0.008 | 0.083 | Ntow (2005) | |||||
| Lake Bosumtwi | Ghana | 0.073 | 0.071 | 0.064 | Darko et al. (2008) | ||||
| Lourens | South Africa | 0.01 | 0.03 | Bollmohr et al. (2007) | |||||
| Juskei River | South Africa | 0.63–196 | 1.32–3086 | 3.82–967 | Sibali et al. (2008) | ||||
| Lagos Lagoon | Nigeria | 0.005–0.910 | 0.006–0.950 | 0.015–0.996 | 0.015–0.996 | 0.015–0.774 | Adeyemi et al. (2011) | ||
| Kilimanjaro | Tanzania | BDL-0.0552 | BDL-0.218 | - | BDL-0.012 | BDL-0.048 | Hellar-Kihampa (2011) | ||
| Vaal River Region A | South Africa | 80.8 ± 9.8 | 261 ± 67.3 | 2.5 ± 0.9 | 8.5 ± 2.2 | Wepener et al. (2011) | |||
| Vaal River Region B | South Africa | 70.1 ± 2.8 | 227 ± 56 | 1.1 ± 0.5 | 135 ± 89 | Wepener et al. (2011) | |||
| Vaal River Region C | South Africa | 10.2 ± 0.9 | 160 ± 47 | BDL | 257 ± 204 | Wepener et al. (2011) | |||
| Vaal River Region D | South Africa | 156 ± 29.6 | 468 ± 147 | 2.7 ± 0.7 | 588 ± 443 | Wepener et al. (2011) | |||
| Densu River Basin | Ghana | 0.02–1.07 | ND – 0.02 | ND – 0.12 | ND – 0.26 | ND – 0.02 | Kuranchie-Mensah et al. (2012) | ||
| Ondo State | Nigeria | ND-0.11 | ND-1.51 | Okoya et al. (2013) | |||||
| Weruweru | Tanzania | BDL-3.66 | BDL-0.81 | BDL-12.7 | - | Mohamed et al. (2014) | |||
| Lake Volta | Ghana | <LOQ – 0.669 | <LOQ – 0.031 | <LOQ - 0.009 | <LOQ -0.076 | <LOQ – 0.031 | Gbeddy et al. (2014) | ||
| Ogbesse River | Nigeria | 0.92 | 0.12 ± 0.06 | 0.54 | 0.14 | Lawrence et al. (2015) | |||
| WHO/US-EPA maximum residue limit | 1∗∗ | 2∗∗∗ | 0.03∗∗ |
BDL - below detection limit; ND – not detected; LOQ – limit of quantification; ∗∗ - (WHO, 2004); ∗∗∗ - (FAO/WHO, 2002).