Table 2.

Mean concentration (±standard deviation) and ranges of OCPs in soil and sediment samples from African (μg/kg dry weight).

Location	Country	Matrix	ƩHCHs	ƩDDTs	Lindane	Mirex	ƩChlordane	Endosulfans	Dieldrin	HCB	Reference
KwaZulu Natal	South Africa	Sediment		18.7–374							Naudé et al. (1998)
Mpumalanga	South Africa	Sediment		8.7–396							Naudé et al. (1998)
El-Haram, Giza	Egypt	Soil								ND-16.2	El-Kabbany et al. (2000)
Schulz et al., 2001	South Africa	Sediment						3.9–245			Schulz et al. (2001)
Akumadan	Ghana	Sediment		0.46 ± 0.24	3.2 ± 0.6			0.55			Ntow (2001)
Lourens River	South Africa	Suspended Particulate						ND -12082			Schulz (2001b)
Lourens River	South Africa	Sediment						9.70–273			Dabrowski et al. (2002a)
Lourens River	South Africa	Sediment						ND-34.75			Dabrowski et al. (2002b)
Lake Victoria	Tanzania	Soil	5.9 × 104	2 × 104							Henry and Kishimba (2003)
Lake Victoria	Tanzania	Sediment	1 32 × 105	6.0 × 105							Henry and Kishimba (2003)
Banjul and Dakar	Senegal and Gambia	Soil	0.7–19.6	1.5–71.4		ND- 0.7			ND-88.2	ND-23	Manirakiza et al. (2003)
KwaZulu Natal	South Africa	Sedimenta		BDL-9.5 × 10−3				9 × 10-5- 2.4 × 10−3			Sereda and Meinhardt (2003)
Eastern Cape	South Africa	Sediment		BDL-109			BDL-117	BDL-72	BDL-60	BDL-177	Fatoki and Awofolu (2003)
Dar es Salaam coast	Tanzania	Sediment	BDL-2.7	6.4–51					BDL-48		Kishimba et al. (2004)
Lake Victoria	Tanzania	Sediment	BDL-131	BDL-705							Kishimba et al. (2004)
TPC-Moshi	Tanzania	Sediment	BDL-61	BDL-716					BDL-7.2		Kishimba et al. (2004)
Zanzibar	Tanzania	Sediment	BDL-106	BDL-20							Kishimba et al. (2004)
Lourens River	South Africa	Suspended Particulate						23–122			Thiere and Schulz (2004)
Lake Volta	Ghana	Sediment		61.3	2.3			0.74			Ntow (2005)
KwaZulu-Natal	South Africa	Sediment		1 × 10−3 – 13.7							Sereda and Meinhardt (2005)
Oueme River	Republic of Benin	Sedimentb	<0.1–61	<0.1–809				<0.1–164			Pazou et al. (2006)
Lourens River	South Africa	Sediment		BDL-16.4				0.43–12.7			Bollmohr et al. (2007)
Ogba River	Nigeria	Sediment	713	733							Ize-Iyamu et al. (2007)
Ovia River	Nigeria	Sediment	790	560							Ize-Iyamu et al. (2007)
Ikoro River	Nigeria	Sediment	600								Ize-Iyamu et al. (2007)
Upper Awash	Ethiopia	Soil		<0.7–230				<1.2–56000	ND-2.4		Westbom et al. (2008)
Lake Bosomtwi	Ghana	Sediment		12.75	6.755 ± 1.15			9.683 ± 1.76	0.072 ± 0.02		Darko et al. (2008)
Juskei River	South Africa	Sediment	0.23–12221	4.62–22914				25.3–11462			Sibali et al. (2008)
Owvian River Warri	Nigeria	Sediment	11.48								Lawrence et al. (2009)
Ekakpamre River Warri	Nigeria	Sediment	4.82								Lawrence et al. (2009)
Old Korogwe	Tanzania	Soil		BDL-2.0 × 106							Kihampa and Mato (2009)
Vikuge Farm	Tanzania	Soil	ND-6.3 × 107	ND-2.8 × 108							Kishimba and Mihale (2009)
Vaal River	South Africa	Soil		3.53				0.09		4.77	Quinn et al. (2009)
Vaal River	South Africa	Sediment		1.65				0.05		0.12	Quinn et al. (2009)
Ngarenanyuki	Tanzania	Soil		2270	213			240			Kihampa et al. (2010)
Lake Victoria	Uganda	Sediment	2.80 ± 2.00	4.24 ± 3.83			0.45 ± 0.23	6.00 ± 4.36	3.80 ± 3.55		Wasswa et al. (2011)
Calabar River	Nigeria	Sediment	10	970							Sojinu et al. (2011)
Bakassi River	Nigeria	Sediment	20	850							Sojinu et al. (2011)
Imo River	Nigeria	Sediment	10	930							Sojinu et al. (2011)
Oginni River	Nigeria	Sediment	70	290							Sojinu et al. (2011)
Densu River Basin	Ghana	Sediment	0.04–1.04	0.04–1.67			0.15–3.29	0.01–14.21	0.03–0.47	-	Kuranchie-Mensah et al. (2012)
Lake Maryut	Egypt	Sediment	ND-2.20	0.07–105.6		ND – 2.79	ND-19.67	ND-2.84	ND-0.85	0.25–10.49	Barakat et al. (2012a)
Lake Manzala	Egypt	Sediment	ND-3.42	0.2–7.25		ND – 0.37	ND-2.35		ND-0.03	ND – 0.57	Barakat et al. (2012b)
Ondo State	Nigeria	Sediment		ND-57400			ND-81320	ND-7040	10–8820	ND- 10910	Okoya et al. (2013)
Lake Qarun	Egypt	Sediment	0.13–100.6	ND-5.88			0.25–15.9		ND-3.41	ND-41.2	Barakat et al. (2013)
Arusha and Mbeye region	Tanzania	Soil	0.4–4.2 × 107	2.4–5.4 × 106				ND-310	0.04–2.4 × 104		Mahugija (2013)
Tarkwa Bay Lagos Lagoon	Nigeria	Sediment		4.5–227	0.5–45.7		0.6–80.5		0.6–48.8	9.2–176	Williams (2013)
Nyando River	Kenya	Soil						30.26 ± 2.09			Abong'o et al. (2015)
Lake Volta	Ghana	Sediment	2.3	1.23			0.43	1.34	0.82		Gbeddy et al. (2014)
Ogbesse River	Nigeria	Sediment	5210	850				540	940		Lawrence et al. (2015)
Illushi River	Nigeria	Sediment	4890	970							Ogbeide et al. (2016)
Ogbese River	Nigeria	Sediment	5220	850							Ogbeide et al. (2016)
Owan River	Nigeria	Sediment	4900	290							Ogbeide et al. (2016)
Agboi Creek, Lagos Lagoon	Nigeria	Sediment	2090	139							Ogbeide et al. (2016)
ERL	Sediment guideline			3	NG		0.5		0.02		MacDonald et al. (2000)
ERM	Sediment guideline			350	NG		6		8		MacDonald et al. (2000)
TEL	Sediment guideline			NG	0.32		2.26		0.71		CCME (1999)
PEL	Sediment guideline			NG	0.99		4.79		4.30		CCME (1999)
ISQG	Sediment guideline			NG	0.94		4.5		2.85		CCME (1999)

ERL - effects low range; ERM - effects median range; TEL - threshold effect level; PEL-probable effect level; ISQG - Interim fresh water sediment quality guidelines, NG - no guidelines.

ND – not detected, ^a wet weight, ^b μg/kg organic matter.