. 2020 Mar 3;6(3):e03518. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03518

Table 4.

Mean concentration (±standard deviation) and ranges of OCPs in milk and serum samples from Africa (μg/kg).

Location	Country	Matrix	ƩHCHs	ƩDDTs	Lindane	Endosulfans	Dieldrin	HCB	Reference
Cairo	Egypt	Human serum^a	17.6 ± 46.8	67 ± 109.7				0.5 ± 0.6	Soliman et al. (1997)
Nairobi	Kenya	Human milk^b	96	4–6321	2–134		4–273		Kinyamu et al. (1998)
Siphofaneni	Swaziland	Human milk^b		ND-1930					Okonkwo et al. (1999)
Akumadan	Ghana	Human blood^b		380 ± 120				30 ± 10	Ntow (2001)
Akumadan	Ghana	Human milk^b		490 ± 230				40 ± 20	Ntow (2001)
Jozini	South Africa	Human milk^a (μg/L)		5.87–1537					Bouwman et al. (2006)
Mkuzi	South Africa	Human milk^a (μg/L)		3.52–154.85					Bouwman et al. (2006)
Kwaliweni	South Africa	Human milk^a (μg/L)		2.12–141.79					Bouwman et al. (2006)
Ashanti region and Kassena Nankana District	Ghana	Human milk^b	46.4 ± 5.5	73.3 ± 7.0			122.8 ± 24.8	4.9 ± 0.3	Ntow et al. (2008)
Ashanti region and Kassena Nankana District	Ghana	Human serum^b	7.3 ± 7.0	9.1 ± 1.3			127.0 ± 27.2	5.3 ± 1.9	Ntow et al. (2008)
Thohoyandou area	South Africa	Human milk^b		ND-1930					Okonkwo et al. (2008)
Siphofaneni	Swaziland	Human milk^a		10–8870
Western cape	South Africa	Human blood^a (μg/L)				544.1 ± 82.1			Dalvie et al. (2009)
Tunisia	Tunisia	Human milk^b	ND-189	ND-1100			NA-31		Ennaceur and Driss (2013)
Asendabo	Ethiopia	Human milk^b		17170					Gebremichael et al. (2013)
Jimma	Ethiopia	Human milk^b		14460					Gebremichael et al. (2013)
Serbo	Ethiopia	Human milk^b		6420					Gebremichael et al. (2013)
Asendabo	Ethiopia	Cow milk^b		269					Gebremichael et al. (2013)
Jimma	Ethiopia	Cow milk^b		477					Gebremichael et al. (2013)
Serbo	Ethiopia	Cow milk^b		421					Gebremichael et al. (2013)
Elfaw	Sudan	Human blood^a (ng/mL)	ND-7	56–123			4–43		Elbashir et al. (2015)
Elmanagil	Sudan	Human blood^a (ng/mL)	2–21	30–187			ND-43		Elbashir et al. (2015)
ElHasahisa	Sudan	Human blood^a (ng/mL)	3–92	17–380			8–58		Elbashir et al. (2015)
Wad Medani	Sudan	Human blood^a (ng/mL)	ND-88	69–618			5–18		Elbashir et al. (2015)
Kinana	Sudan	Human blood^a (ng/mL)	ND-22	21–167			16–82		Elbashir et al. (2015)
Gunaid	Sudan	Human blood^a (ng/mL)	ND-17	61–13			10–23		Elbashir et al. (2015)
World health organisation permissible limit				20					FAO/WHO (2005)

ND - not detected; ^a wet weight; ^b fat/lipid weight.