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. 2020 Mar 3;6(3):e03518. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03518

Table 5.

Mean concentration (±standard deviation) and ranges of OCPs in vegetables, fruits and food products from Africa (μg/kg).

Location Country Matrix ƩHCHs ƩDDTs Lindane Endosulfans Dieldrin Reference
Arusha region Tanzania Beansb BDL- 99 BDL- 60 BDL-29 ND-24 Rusibamayila et al. (1998)
Arusha region Tanzania Maizeb BDL-105 BDL-402 BDL-80 ND-23 Rusibamayila et al. (1998)
Arusha region Tanzania Wheatb BDL-19 BDL-70 BDL-208 ND-19 Rusibamayila et al. (1998)
South West Nigeria Sweet orangea 1.2–3.4 1.0–8.5 Adeyeye and Osibanjo (1999)
South West Nigeria Tangerinea 1.5–4.2 15–5.6 Adeyeye and Osibanjo (1999)
South West Nigeria Guavaa 1.5–8.7 5.3–47.2 Adeyeye and Osibanjo (1999)
South West Nigeria Kolanuta 2.1–10.2 Adeyeye and Osibanjo (1999)
South West Nigeria Bananaa 1.5–21.4 2.0–5.6 Adeyeye and Osibanjo (1999)
South West Nigeria Plantaina 1.2–3.3 1.5–3.8 Adeyeye and Osibanjo (1999)
South West Nigeria Pawpawa 1.1–3.6 2.0–16 Adeyeye and Osibanjo (1999)
South West Nigeria Pineapplea 1.5–4.2 2.0–4.5 Adeyeye and Osibanjo (1999)
South West Nigeria Bitter Kolaa 30–321 2.8–17.6 Adeyeye and Osibanjo (1999)
South West Nigeria Amarantha 1.4–17.4 1.0–50 Adeyeye and Osibanjo (1999)
South West Nigeria Water leafa 1.6–7.2 1.0–33 Adeyeye and Osibanjo (1999)
South West Nigeria Leafy vegetablesa 1.0–24.2 1.2–130 Adeyeye and Osibanjo (1999)
South West Nigeria Egg planta 4.0–24.2 1.2–6.4 Adeyeye and Osibanjo (1999)
South West Nigeria Red peppera 1.5–14.4 5.1–66.6 Adeyeye and Osibanjo (1999)
South West Nigeria Tomatoa 2.1–7.1 12.2–102 Adeyeye and Osibanjo (1999)
South West Nigeria Okroa 1.4–12.1 1.0–8.9 Adeyeye and Osibanjo (1999)
South West Nigeria Oniona 1.5–8.4 - Adeyeye and Osibanjo (1999)
Banjul and Dakar Sene-Gambia Sweet potatoa 0.4–0.6 ND-0.13 Manirakiza et al. (2003)
Banjul and Dakar Sene-Gambia Egg planta ND-0.3 ND-5.1 ND-1.2 ND-2.19 Manirakiza et al. (2003)
Banjul and Dakar Sene-Gambia Cabbagea ND-1.1 ND-5.03 ND – 2.1 ND – 1.77 Manirakiza et al. (2003)
Banjul and Dakar Sene-Gambia Tomatoa ND-0.9 ND-1.05 ND-0.14 Manirakiza et al. (2003)
Banjul and Dakar Sene-Gambia Radisha 0.3 1.44 0.33 0.49 Manirakiza et al. (2003)
Banjul and Dakar Sene-Gambia Sweet peppera ND-0.1 ND-0.16 ND-0.14 Manirakiza et al. (2003)
Banjul and Dakar Sene-Gambia Turnipa ND-0.3 0.07–2.39 ND-0.66 ND-0.74 Manirakiza et al. (2003)
Banjul and Dakar Sene-Gambia Oniona 1.7 4.53 2.68 Manirakiza et al. (2003)
Banjul and Dakar Sene-Gambia Red peppera 2.89 Manirakiza et al. (2003)
Banjul and Dakar Sene-Gambia Lettucea ND-0.3 0.06–0.45 Manirakiza et al. (2003)
Banjul and Dakar Sene-Gambia Carrota ND-0.03 0.12–3.14 Manirakiza et al. (2003)
Dar es Salaam City Tanzania Spinacha 0.08 2.89 Ndengerio-Ndossi and Cram (2005)
Dar es Salaam City Tanzania Cassava leavesa 0.13 0.4 Ndengerio-Ndossi and Cram (2005)
Dar es Salaam City Tanzania Stiff porridgea 0.06 0.3 Ndengerio-Ndossi and Cram (2005)
Dar es Salaam City Tanzania Ricea 0.08 1.7 Ndengerio-Ndossi and Cram (2005)
Dar es Salaam City Tanzania Cooked bananaa 2.08 Ndengerio-Ndossi and Cram (2005)
Dar es Salaam City Tanzania Beansa 0.04 0.13 Ndengerio-Ndossi and Cram (2005)
Dar es Salaam City Tanzania Pigeon peasa 7.6 Ndengerio-Ndossi and Cram (2005)
Dar es Salaam City Tanzania Fish varietya 0.05 Ndengerio-Ndossi and Cram (2005)
Dar es Salaam City Tanzania Beef meata 0.14 0.76 Ndengerio-Ndossi and Cram (2005)
Vikuge farm Tanzania Eucalyptus sp leavesa 15 818 Marco and Kishimba (2006)
Vikuge farm Tanzania Cassava leavesa ND-2 7–425 Marco and Kishimba (2006)
Vikuge farm Tanzania Cassava rootsa ND-5 191–583 Marco and Kishimba (2006)
Vikuge farm Tanzania Plum leavesa 4 Marco and Kishimba (2006)
Vikuge farm Tanzania Cashew leavesa 16 Marco and Kishimba (2006)
Kumasi Ghana Beef fata 663.7 4.04 ± 3.49 21.35 ± 3.85 5.23 ± 2.76 Darko and Acquaah (2007)
Kumasi Ghana Beefa 61.7 2.07 ± 1.31 1.88 ± 0.42 5.92 ± 0.05 Darko and Acquaah (2007)
Buoho Ghana Beef fata 435.7 1.79 ± 0.38 2.28 ± 1.74 6.01 ± 5.14 Darko and Acquaah (2007)
Buoho Ghana Beefa 16.7 0.60 ± 0.38 0.59 ± 0.38 11.48 ± 4.98 Darko and Acquaah (2007)
Aboaba Ghana Local cheesea 163.1 0.57–9.06 0.88–30.49 Darko and Acquaah (2008)
Tafo Ghana Local cheesea 438.7 BDL-4.41 0.14–8.21 1.41–30.5 Darko and Acquaah (2008)
Asawasi Ghana Local cheesea 73.7 1.29–4.88 1.21–3.94 Darko and Acquaah (2008)
Ayeduasi Ghana Yoghurta 10.6 0.02–0.12 BDL-0.34 Darko and Acquaah (2008)
KNUST Ghana Yoghurta 4.58 0.01–0.05 BDL-0.34 0.01–0.03 Darko and Acquaah (2008)
K-Poly Ghana Yoghurta 8.07 BDL-0.01 0.01–0.14 BDL-0.03 Darko and Acquaah (2008)
Accra Ghana Pawpawa 100 100 Bempah and Donkor (2011)
Accra Ghana Tomatoa 10 20 20 30 Bempah and Donkor (2011)
Accra Ghana Imported applea 100 60 Bempah and Donkor (2011)
Accra Ghana Pawpawa BDL-60 BDL-30 20–40 BDL-30 Bempah et al. (2011)
Accra Ghana Tomatoa 10–20 BDL-10 BDL-20 Bempah et al. (2011)
Accra Ghana Imported applea 10–20 BDL-90 BDL-20 Bempah et al. (2011)
Gelemso Ethiopia Khata 673.5–1372 Daba et al. (2011)
BadaBuna Ethiopia Khata ND Daba et al. (2011)
Aseno Ethiopia Khata 256.5–1223.8 Daba et al. (2011)
Accra Ghana Carrota 156 220 Bempah et al. (2012)
Accra Ghana Cabbagea 402 196 Bempah et al. (2012)
Accra Ghana Lettucea 186 24 Bempah et al. (2012)
Accra Ghana Tomatoa 571 27 6.0 Bempah et al. (2012)
Olomoro Nigeria Higher plantsb 116.09 ± 95.12 6.40 ± 7.81 30.2 1.66 ± 1.91 Sojinu et al. (2012)
Oginni Nigeria Higher plantsb 78.29 ± 86.54 1.58 ± 0.04 7.69 0.14 Sojinu et al. (2012)
Uzere Nigeria Higher plantsb 70.82 ± 96.35 2.73 ± 2.37 6.47 0.11 Sojinu et al. (2012)
Irri and Calabar Nigeria Higher plantsb 55.55 ± 22.54 2.65 ± 1.37 17.2 0.58 ± 0.46 Sojinu et al. (2012)
Togo Tomatoa BDL-11.307 BDL- 0.78 BDL-0.194 Kolani et al. (2016)
Togo Cabbagea BDL-93.83 BDL-1.518 BDL-0.086 Kolani et al. (2016)
Togo Lettucea 0.150–2.634 BDL-1.236 BDL-0.010 Kolani et al. (2016)

BDL – below detection limit; ND - not detected; a - fresh/wet weight; b - dry weight.