FIGURE 1.

A simple scheme of the Hippo pathway in mammalian cells. NF2 and RASSF family proteins (e.g. RASSF5) function upstream and facilitate the activation of Mst1/2. MST1/2 and MAP4Ks relay diversified extracellular and intracellular signals, and activate LATS1/2 and NDR1/2, which cause inhibitory phosphorylation of YAP/TAZ. When Hippo signaling is attenuated, activated YAP/TAZ translocate into nuclei and recruit TEAD transcription factors to regulate cell proliferation, survival, and stemness.