FIGURE 5.

Interplays between Hippo signaling and ROS production. Recognition of bacterial infections by TLR1/2/4 triggers activation of MST1/2. Then MST1/2 phosphorylates PKC-α and activates PKCα-LyGDI-Rac cascade to induce assembly of the TRAF6-ECSIT complex, which is required for recruitment of mitochondria to phagosomes and ample ROS production. MST1 is activated by TRAF2 in response to H₂O₂ stimulation via unknown mechanism. MST1/2 phosphorylates Keap1 and prevents Keap1-mediated Nrf2 degradation, resulting in the expression of antioxidant genes. High intracellular ROS increase YAP expression independent of the canonical Hippo pathway; however, its mechanism is still elusive. The functions of Hippo-YAP in ROS production are highlighted with red color.