Table 1.

Selected clinical OAI studies

Anatomical region/organ	Chromophores	Wavelength (nm)	Clinical output	References
Non-melanoma skin cancer	HbR, HbO2, melanin	700, 715, 730, 760, 780, 790, 800, 825, 850, 900	Mapping and visualization of skin cancer	[13, 14]
Skin (hair follicles)	HbR, HbO2, melanin, lipids	660–1300	Measurement of the structural and physiological features of intact hair follicles	[15]
Vasculature	HbR, HbO2	700–850	Noninvasive diagnosis and monitoring of vascular malformations	[16]
	HbR, HbO2	700–960	Clinical flow-mediated dilatation measurements	[17]
	HbO2. HbR, SO2	730, 750, 800, 830	Visualization of blood vessels, microvasculature and the respective oxygen saturation	[18]
	HbO2, HbR, melanin	730, 760, 790, 820, 850	Real-time visualization of blood vessels in 3D	[19, 20]
	HbO2, HbR, SO2	760, 850	Movement correction and artifact-free imaging	[21]
	HbO2, HbR, melanin	700, 720, 740, 760, 780, 800, 820, 840, 860	Human angiography	[22, 23]
	HbO2, HbR	680–950, 1064	Visualization of human carotid artery	[24]
Sentinel lymph node (SLN)	Melanin, ICG	700, 730, 760, 800, 850, 900	Identification of SLNs	[25]
	Melanin, ICG	700, 730, 760, 800, 850	Metastatic status of lymph nodes	[26]
	Hb, methylene blue	650, 1064	Identification of SLNs	[27]
Inflammatory bowel disease	HbT, HbO2, HbR, SO2	700, 730, 760, 800, 850, 900	Inflammatory disease activity in Crohn’s disease	[28, 29]
Breast (cancer)	HbT, HbO2, HbR, SO2	700, 730, 760, 800, 850	Characterization of healthy tissue and malignant lesions	[30]
	HbO2, HbR, water, lipid	700–970 (10 nm steps)		[31]
	HbO2, HbR	730, 760, 850		[32]
Thyroid	HbT, HbO2, HbR, SO2, water, lipids	700, 730, 760, 800, 850, 900, 920, 950	Non-invasive diagnostics by tissue characterization	[33]
	–	–	Optical features of thyroid anatomy	[34]
	HbO2, HbR, water, lipid	760, 850, 930, 970	Differentiation between malignant and benign thyroidal nodules	[35]
	HbO2	1064	Photoacoustic/ultrasound dual imaging of human thyroid cancer	[36]
Systemic sclerosis	HbT, HbO2, HbR	700, 730, 750, 800, 850	Disease activity	[37]
Muscle	HbT, HbO2, HbR, lipids, collagens	680, 700, 730, 760, 800, 850, 920, 1000, 1030, 1064, 1100	Disease extent in DMD patients	[38]

Hb_R deoxygenated hemoglobin, HbO₂ oxygenated hemoglobin, Hb_T total hemoglobin, SO₂ MSOT-derived oxygen saturation