Table 2.

Summary of attitudes toward ART and surrogacy as expressed by selected ethical paradigms

Philosophical paradigm	Attitudes toward ART	Attitudes toward surrogacy	Defining principal or concern
Adoption standard	Neutral	Generally opposed	Interests of the child are paramount. Surrogacy seen by some as “baby selling.”
Liberalism	Accepted	Generally accepted	Sovereignty and freedom of individual choice, as expressed through binding contracts, is paramount.