TABLE 2.

Change (year 1 minus baseline) of selected participant characteristics of normotensive dietary trial who consumed ≥36.6% energy from fat without prior history of CVD by randomization group (n = 10,371)¹

	Intervention (n = 4245)	Comparison (n = 6126)	P value
Dietary targets2
Percentage of energy from total fat	25.3 ± 7.9	37.7 ± 6.8	<0.001
Fruits/vegetables, med serv/d	4.9 ± 2.3	3.6 ± 1.9	<0.001
Grains, med serv/d	5.1 ± 2.6	4.3 ± 2.3	<0.001
Dietary fiber,3 g/d	17.7 ± 7.1	14.5 ± 6.1	<0.001
Percentage change in energy from:
Total fat	−16.2 ± 8.3	−3.8 ± 6.4	<0.001
Saturated fat	−5.6 ± 3.4	−1.3 ± 2.8	<0.001
Polyunsaturated fat	−3.1 ± 2.4	−0.8 ± 2.2	<0.001
Monounsaturated fat	−6.6 ± 3.5	−1.5 ± 2.8	<0.001
Trans-fat	−1.3 ± 1.3	−0.4 ± 1.1	<0.001
Carbohydrates	15.1 ± 9.0	3.3 ± 7.0	<0.001
Added sugar	1.3 ± 4.9	0.3 ± 4.5	<0.001
Other sources	13.8 ± 8.7	3.0 ± 6.6	<0.001
Protein	1.5 ± 3.2	0.5 ± 3.0	<0.001
Animal protein	0.2 ± 3.5	0.3 ± 3.2	0.15
Vegetable protein	1.3 ± 1.3	0.2 ± 1.1	<0.001
Alcohol	0.4 ± 2.4	0.2 ± 2.1	<0.001
Change in dietary cholesterol, mg/d	−110.5 ± 138.6	−37.2 ± 128.3	<0.001
Change in participant characteristics:
Weight, kg	−2.4 ± 7.7	0.2 ± 8.8	<0.001
Waist circumference, cm	−2.0 ± 6.6	−0.1 ± 6.6	<0.001
Systolic BP, mmHg	−0.6 ± 12.4	0.5 ± 12.2	<0.001
Diastolic BP, mmHg	−1.3 ± 7.8	−0.4 ± 7.6	<0.001

¹Change values are mean ± SD. BP, blood pressure; CVD, cardiovascular disease; med serv, medium serving.

²Intervention goals were 20% of energy from total fat, ≥5 servings of vegetables and fruit per day, and ≥6 servings of grains per day.

³Dietary fiber was not an intervention goal, but can be helpful in distinguishing between changes in complex vs. refined carbohydrates. The mean change in fiber was 3.0 ± 6.9 and − 0.3 ± 5.3 g/d in the intervention and comparison groups, respectively; P value < 0.001.