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. 2020 Feb 27;15(3):311–319. doi: 10.2215/CJN.08350719

Table 2.

Associations of annual average PM2.5 with baseline eGFR and urinary albumin-creatinine ratio

Characteristic Number of Eligible Participants eGFR UACRa
ml/min per 1.73 m2 (95% CI) P Value Interaction P Value % Difference (95% CI) P Value Interaction P Value
Overall
 Model 1b 10,997 0.14 (−0.32 to 0.60) 0.55 8.5 (3.6 to 13.7) <0.001
 Model 2c 0.07 (−0.28 to 0.41) 0.71 6.6 (2.6 to 10.7) 0.001
Sex
 Male 4836 0.16 (−0.25 to 0.56) 0.46 0.56 10.3 (5.9 to 14.9) <0.001 0.09
 Female 6161 −0.00 (−0.52 to 0.52) 1.00 3.7 (−1.7 to 9.4) 0.18
Age, yr
 <65 6597 0.03 (−0.40 to 0.46) 0.90 0.95 7.0 (0.8 to 13.7) 0.03 0.32
 ≥65 4400 0.17 (−0.26 to 0.60) 0.44 5.9 (1.7 to 10.3) 0.005
History of diabetes
 No 9135 0.06 (−0.36 to 0.48) 0.78 0.67 6.0 (2.8 to 9.4) <0.001 0.44
 Yes 1815 0.46 (−0.43 to 1.35) 0.31 7.6 (−8.6 to 26.7) 0.38
History of hypertension
 No 5729 −0.05 (−0.49 to 0.39) 0.81 0.61 7.5 (1.0 to 14.4) 0.02 0.75
 Yes 5224 0.24 (−0.21 to 0.70) 0.29 5.2 (−0.3 to 11.1) 0.07
Income above mediand
 No 6043 0.09 (−0.28 to 0.47) 0.64 0.90 6.5 (1.4 to 11.8) 0.01 0.80
 Yes 4459 0.03 (−0.55 to 0.60) 0.93 7.5 (3.5 to 11.8) <0.001

PM2.5, particulate matter <2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter; UACR, urinary albumin-creatinine ratio.

a

UACR coefficient underwent exponentiation using the formula (eβ−1)×100%.

b

Model 1: sex, age, race, neighborhood socioeconomic score, family income, education level.

c

Model 2: model 1 plus body mass index, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, systolic BP, composite cardiovascular disease, cigarette smoking, eGFR,* UACR,** C-reactive protein, temperature. Covariate omitted for eGFR analyses (*) and UACR analyses (**). Model 2 adjustment used for stratified analyses. Analyses performed per 1-μg/m3 higher PM2.5.

d

Median income was $16,000–$24,999 for Jackson, $25,000–$34,999 for Washington County, and $35,000–$49,999 for Forsyth County and Minneapolis.