Table 3.

Association of annual average PM_2.5 with incident CKD in participants with eGFR ≥60 ml/min per 1.73 m² at baseline

Characteristic	Number of Eligible Participants	Number of CKD Events	Person-Years	CKD Incidence per 1000 Person-Years (95% CI)	Incident CKD, HR (95% CI)	P Value	Interaction P Value
Overall
Model 1a	10,302	2816	158,199	17.8 (17.2 to 18.5)	1.07 (1.03 to 1.11)	0.001
Model 2b					1.05 (1.01 to 1.10)	0.03
Sex
Male	4518	1359	65,511	20.7 (19.7 to 21.9)	1.04 (0.98 to 1.10)	0.20	0.54
Female	5784	1457	92,687	15.7 (14.9 to 16.5)	1.10 (1.00 to 1.21)	0.05
Age, yr
<65	6385	1559	104,501	14.9 (14.2 to 15.7)	1.03 (0.97 to 1.10)	0.31	0.63
≥65	3917	1257	53,697	23.4 (22.2 to 24.7)	1.09 (0.99 to 1.20)	0.07
History of diabetes
No	8623	2105	136,223	15.5 (14.8 to 16.1)	1.08 (1.01 to 1.16)	0.02	0.13
Yes	1635	698	21,387	32.6 (30.3 to 35.2)	0.98 (0.89 to 1.08)	0.73
History of hypertension
No	5536	1177	89,278	13.2 (12.5 to 14.0)	1.02 (0.96 to 1.09)	0.55	0.15
Yes	4726	1629	68,339	23.8 (22.7 to 25.0)	1.09 (1.02 to 1.16)	0.02
Income above medianc
No	5581	1616	81,926	19.7 (18.8 to 20.7)	1.05 (0.98 to 1.12)	0.21	0.58
Yes	4253	1072	69,603	15.4 (14.5 to 16.4)	1.06 (0.99 to 1.14)	0.07

PM_2.5, particulate matter <2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter; HR, hazard ratio.

^aModel 1: sex, age, race, neighborhood socioeconomic score, family income, education level.

^bModel 2: model 1 plus body mass index, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, systolic BP, composite cardiovascular disease, cigarette smoking, eGFR, urinary albumin-creatinine ratio, C-reactive protein, temperature. Model 2 adjustment used for stratified analyses. Analyses performed per 1-μg/m³ higher PM_2.5.

^cMedian income was $16,000–$24,999 for Jackson, $25,000–$34,999 for Washington County, and $35,000–$49,999 for Forsyth County and Minneapolis.