Table 1.
Baseline sociodemographic and clinical characteristics
| Total (n = 160) | Intervention (n = 82) | Control (n = 78) | p* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographic characteristics | ||||
| Age, years ± SD | 74.2 ± 5.7 | 74.9 ± 5.4 | 73.5 ± 5.9 | 0.120 |
| Female, n (%) | 94 (58.8) | 50 (61.0) | 44 (56.4) | 0.631 |
| Education, years ± SD | 5.1 ± 4.1 | 4.3 ± 3.9 | 5.9 ± 4.2 | 0.013 |
| Widowed/Divorced/Separated/Unmarried, n (%) | 38 (24.2) | 16 (20.3) | 22 (28.2) | 0.268 |
| Living alone, n (%) | 32 (20.4) | 13 (16.0) | 19 (25.0) | 0.173 |
| Medicaid, n (%) | 29 (18.1) | 20 (24.4) | 9 (11.5) | 0.041 |
| Clinical characteristics | ||||
| Lifetime | ||||
| History of depressive disorder, a n (%) | 38 (24.2) | 24 (30.4) | 14 (17.9) | 0.093 |
| History of suicidal ideation/plans/attempts, n (%) | 32 (21.8) | 21 (30.0) | 11 (14.3) | 0.028 |
| Baseline | ||||
| Chronic medical illness, b n (%) | 112 (80.6) | 66 (83.5) | 46 (76.7) | 0.388 |
| Depressive disorder, a n (%) | 15 (9.6) | 10 (12.7) | 5 (6.4) | 0.277 |
| Suicidal ideation/plans/attempts, n (%) | 8 (5.5) | 7 (10.4) | 1 (1.3) | 0.025 |
| SGDS-K, c score ± SD | 3.0 ± 3.4 | 3.6 ± 3.7 | 2.4 ± 3.0 | 0.027 |
| LSNS-K, d score ± SD | 25.8 ± 9.2 | 23.1 ± 8.5 | 28.5 ± 9.1 | < 0.001 |
| S-IADL, e score ± SD | 2.2 ± 3.7 | 2.4 ± 3.7 | 2.0 ± 3.7 | 0.482 |
| MMSE-KC, f score ± SD | 25.6 ± 4.6 | 24.9 ± 5.3 | 26.2 ± 3.7 | 0.072 |
* Student’s t-test for continuous variables and the chi-square test for categorical variables
a Major or minor depressive episode as defined by the DSM-IV criteria
b One or more chronic medical illnesses including hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, cerebrovascular disease, and heart disease
c Korean version of the Geriatric Depression Scale – Short Form; a higher score corresponds to more depressive symptoms (range: 0–15)
d Korean version of the Lubben Social Network Scale; a higher score corresponds to a stronger social network (range: 0–50)
e Seoul Instrumental Activities of Daily Living; a higher score corresponds to worse daily function (range: 0–45)
f Mini-Mental State Examination; part of the neuropsychological battery of the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease; a higher score corresponds to better global cognitive function (range: 0–30)