Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study population
| Variables | Low risk (n = 3319) | Medium risk (n = 3780) | High risk (n = 1376) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years), means (SD) | 52.80 (11.06)a | 55.49 (10.68)b | 60.37 (10.43) | < 0.001 |
| Female, n (%) | 1938 (58.39) | 2132 (56.40) | 982 (71.37) | < 0.001 |
| Education level, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
| Elementary school or below | 1167 (35.16) | 1566 (41.43) | 776 (56.39) | |
| Junior high school | 1444 (43.51) | 1578 (41.75) | 432 (31.40) | |
| High school or above | 708 (21.33) | 636 (16/82) | 168 (12.21) | |
| Average monthly individual income, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
| < 500 RMB | 990 (29.83) | 1189 (31.46) | 512 (37.21) | |
| 500–1000 RMB | 984 (29.65) | 1117 (29.55) | 393 (28.56) | |
| ≥ 1000 RMB | 1345 (40.52) | 1474 (38.99) | 471 (34.23) | |
| Marital status, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
| Married/cohabitating | 3122 (94.06) | 3448 (91.22) | 1169 (84.96) | |
| Unmarried/divorced/widowed | 197 (5.94) | 332 (8.78) | 207 (15.04) | |
| Smoker, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
| Non-smoker | 2438 (73.46) | 2654 (70.21) | 1090 (79.21) | |
| Ex-smoker | 263 (7.92) | 353 (9.34) | 103 (7.49) | |
| Smoker | 618 (18.62) | 773 (20.45) | 183 (13.30) | |
| Drinker, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
| Non-drinker | 2483 (74.84) | 2775 (73.43) | 1135 (82.49) | |
| Ex-drinker | 166 (5.00) | 237 (6.27) | 54 (3.92) | |
| Drinker | 669 (20.16) | 767 (20.30) | 187 (13.59) | |
| Physical activity, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
| Low | 1128 (33.99) | 1056 (27.94) | 421 (30.60) | |
| Moderate | 1246 (37.54) | 1439 (38.07) | 529 (38.44) | |
| High | 945 (28.47) | 1285 (33.99) | 426 (30.96) | |
| Dietary habits (g/day), mean (SD) | ||||
| Meat and poultry | 50.65 (84.36)a | 47.89 (48.63)b | 38.01 (42.94) | < 0.001 |
| Fish | 4.80 (11.71)a | 4.94 (15.52)b | 3.76 (8.15) | 0.014 |
| Vegetables and fruits | 518.15 (275.49)a | 517.67 (260.68)b | 475.14 (246.01) | < 0.001 |
| Bean | 36.17 (52.19)a | 32.95 (45.84) | 30.25 (88.53) | 0.003 |
| WC (cm), mean (SD) | 85.91 (10.27)a | 84.52 (10.22)b | 81.96 (10.46) | < 0.001 |
| WHR, mean (SD) | 0.900 (0.075)a | 0.899 (0.082)b | 0.886 (0.085) | < 0.001 |
| WHtR, mean (SD) | 0.535 (0.062)a | 0.527 (0.064)b | 0.521 (0.069) | < 0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 25.26 (3.41)a | 24.81 (3.38)b | 23.84 (3.47) | < 0.001 |
| BFP, mean (SD) | 29.86 (6.05)a | 29.55 (6.30)b | 30.98 (6.59) | < 0.001 |
| VFI, mean (SD) | 9.78 (4.59)a | 9.48 (4.40)b | 8.27 (4.10) | < 0.001 |
| FFM (kg), mean (SD) | 45.73 (8.17)a | 45.03 (8.05)b | 40.80 (7.32) | < 0.001 |
| Estimated BMD (g/cm2), mean (SD) | 0.55 (0.08)a | 0.41 (0.04)b | 0.29 (0.04) | < 0.001 |
| T-score, mean (SD) | −0.08 (0.81)a | −1.76 (0.41)b | −2.95 (0.37) | < 0.001 |
aLow risk vs. High risk, P < 0.05; bMedium risk vs. High risk, P < 0.05
Abbreviation: RMB Renminbi; SD Standard deviation, WC Waist circumference, WHR Waist to hip ratio, WHtR Waist to height ratio, BMI Body mass index, BFP Body fat percentage, VFI Visceral fat index, FFM Fat-free mass, BMD Bone mineral density