Table 2.

The distribution of estimated BMD grouped by the adiposity indices

Variables	Low risk (n = 3319)	Medium risk (n = 3780)	High risk (n = 1376)	P
WC
Normal	0.560 ± 0.088a	0.408 ± 0.045	0.286 ± 0.039	< 0.001
Obesity	0.547 ± 0.079 a	0.405 ± 0.043	0.286 ± 0.038	< 0.001
WHR
Normal	0.553 ± 0.088	0.407 ± 0.044	0.286 ± 0.039	< 0.001
Obesity	0.552 ± 0.081	0.406 ± 0.043	0.286 ± 0.038	< 0.001
WHtR
Normal	0.555 ± 0.088	0.405 ± 0.043	0.286 ± 0.037	< 0.001
Obesity	0.552 ± 0.081	0.407 ± 0.044	0.286 ± 0.039	< 0.001
BMI
Normal/Overweight	0.553 ± 0.085	0.406 ± 0.044	0.286 ± 0.038	< 0.001
Obesity	0.548 ± 0.072	0.408 ± 0.042	0.284 ± 0.042	< 0.001
BFP
Normal	0.555 ± 0.087 a	0.405 ± 0.044 a	0.288 ± 0.038	< 0.001
Obesity	0.549 ± 0.079 a	0.408 ± 0.044 a	0.284 ± 0.039	< 0.001
VFI
Low	0.553 ± 0.088	0.401 ± 0.043 a	0.284 ± 0.038 a	< 0.001
High	0.552 ± 0.079	0.412 ± 0.044 a	0.290 ± 0.038 a	< 0.001

^aThe difference between the adiposity levels is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed)

Data are mean ± Standard Deviation. BMD was scaled to the adiposity levels (WC: < 90 cm for males and < 80 cm for females was normal; ≥90 cm for males and < 80 cm for females was obesity; WHR: < 0.9 for males and < 0.85 for females was normal; ≥0.9 for males and ≥ 0.85 for females was obesity; WHtR: < 0.5 was normal; ≥0.5 was obesity; BMI: < 28.0 kg/m² was normal/overweight; ≥28.0 kg/m² was obesity; BFP%: < 25% for males and < 35% for females was normal; ≥25% for males and ≥ 35% for females was obesity; VFI: < 9 was low; ≥9 was high)

Abbreviation: WC Waist circumference, WHR Waist to hip ratio, WHtR waist to height ratio, BMI Body mass index, BFP Body fat percentage, VFI Visceral fat index, FFM Fat-free mass, BMD Bone mineral density